21 May, 2012 (updated 6 minutes ago).
Suspended animation is the slowing of life processes by external means without termination. Breathing, heartbeat, and other involuntary functions may still occur, but they can only be detected by artificial means. Extreme cold can be used to precipitate the slowing of an individual's functions; use of this process has led to the developing science of cryonics. Cryonics is another method of life preservation but it cryopreserves organisms using liquid nitrogen that will preserve the organism until reanimation. Laina Beasley was kept in suspended animation as a two-celled embryo for 13 years.[1][2]
Placing astronauts in suspended animation has been proposed as one way for an individual to reach the end of an interstellar or intergalactic journey, avoiding the necessity for a gigantic generation ship; occasionally the two concepts have been combined, with generations of "caretakers" supervising a large population of frozen passengers.
Since the 1970s, induced hypothermia has been performed for some open-heart surgeries as an alternative to heart-lung machines. Hypothermia, however, provides only a limited amount of time in which to operate and there is a risk of tissue and brain damage for prolonged periods.
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In June 2005 scientists at the University of Pittsburgh's Safar Center for Resuscitation Research announced they had managed to place dogs in suspended animation and bring them back to life, most of them without brain damage, by draining the blood out of the dogs' bodies and injecting a low temperature solution into their circulatory systems, which in turn keeps the bodies alive in stasis. After three hours of being clinically dead, the dogs' blood was returned to their circulatory systems, and the animals were revived by delivering an electric shock to their hearts. The heart started pumping the blood around the frozen body, and the dogs were brought back to life.
While most of the dogs were fine, a few of the revived dogs had severe nervous and movement coordination damage, causing them to be mentally disabled, and demonstrating behavior that was deemed "zombie" like. This has been pushed further by the media which named them "zombie dogs".[3] There is concern that using this technique on humans could result in brain damage similar to that suffered by some of the dogs in the experiment. In extreme cases, doctors can now use induced hypothermia which reduces brain and heart activity to a minimum. This gives doctors more time to heal or diagnose a patient.
On 20 January 2006, doctors from the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston announced they had placed pigs in suspended animation with a similar technique. The pigs were anaesthetised and major blood loss was induced. After the pigs lost about half their blood the remaining blood was replaced with a chilled saline solution. As the body temperature reached 10 °C (50 °F) the damaged blood vessel was repaired and the blood was returned. The method was tested 200 times with a 90% success rate.[4]
An article in the 22 April 2005 issue of the scientific journal Science reports success towards inducing suspended animation-like hypothermia in mice. The findings are significant, as mice do not hibernate in nature. The laboratory of Mark B. Roth at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington, placed the mice in a chamber containing 80 ppm hydrogen sulfide for a duration of 6 hours. The core body temperature of the mice dropped to 13 degrees Celsius and metabolism, as assayed by carbon dioxide production and oxygen use, decreased 10-fold.[5]They also induced hypoxia on nematode embryos and zebrafish embryos, placing them in suspended animation for hours, and then re-animating them simply by returning the oxygen to the embryos.
Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston announced they had been able to hibernate mice using the same method. Their heart rate was slowed down from 500 to 200 beats per minute, respiration fell from 120 to 25 breaths per minute and body temperature dropped to 30°C (natural: 39°C). After 2 hours of breathing air without hydrogen sulfide the mice returned to normal. Further studies are needed to see if the gas had damaging effects on the brain, considering the effect of hydrogen sulfide on the body is similar to hydrogen cyanide; it does not slow the metabolic rate but rather inhibits the transfer of energy within the cell via ATP ("It forms a complex bond with iron in the mitochondrial cytochrome enzymes, thus preventing cellular respiration." quoted from 'Hydrogen sulfide' - Wikipedia).[6]
Experiments on sedated sheep[7] and partially ventilated anesthetized pigs[8] have been unsuccessful, suggesting that application to large mammals may not be feasible.
There are many research projects currently investigating how to achieve "induced hibernation" in humans.[9][10] This ability to hibernate humans would be useful for a number of reasons, such as saving the lives of seriously ill or injured people by temporarily putting them in a state of hibernation until treatment can be given.
There are cases of accidental human hibernation. The most recent is the case of Mitsutaka Uchikoshi, a Japanese man who survived the cold for 24 days in 2006 without food or water when he fell into a hypothermic state similar to hibernation.[11]
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www.ted.com Mark Roth studies suspended animation the art of shutting down life processes and then starting them up again. It's wild stuff, but it's not science fiction. Induced by careful use of an otherwise toxic gas, suspended animation can potentially help trauma and heart attack victims survive long enough to be treated.TEDTalks is a daily video podcast of the best talks and performances from the TED Conference, where the world's leading thinkers and doers give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes. Featured speakers have included Al Gore on climate change, Philippe Starck on design, Jill Bolte Taylor on observing her own stroke, Nicholas Negroponte on One Laptop per Child, Jane Goodall on chimpanzees, Bill Gates on malaria and mosquitoes, Pattie Maes on the "Sixth Sense" wearable tech, and "Lost" producer JJ Abrams on the allure of mystery. TED stands for Technology, Entertainment, Design, and TEDTalks cover these topics as well as science, business, development and the arts. Closed captions and translated subtitles in a variety of languages are now available on TED.com, at www.ted.com Watch a highlight reel of the Top 10 TEDTalks at www.ted.com
Suspended Animation by Patrick J Burns (Daehn Publications, 2007, Grade 3). Recorded by the Cleveland Symphonic Winds. This piece combines relentless rhythmic drive with ornamentations of melodic and harmonic material using suspensions.
band music band music wind ensemble
From his solo album of awesomeness; Suspended Animation
Track 14 off Bl_ck B_st_rds Produced by Zev and Subroc Released in 2001 through Sub Verse after cancellation in 1994 by Elektra. RIP Subroc.
From Sunspot Jonz's album, "Galaxy of Dreams" | iTunes: bit.ly | Amazon: amzn.com Directed by: Catero Colbert Produced by: Fatima Washington
Sunspot Jonz Suspended Animation Living Legends Legendary Music
From the 1989 album "Consuming Impulse". © Roadrunner Records. Martin Van Drunen - Vocals Patrick Mameli - Guitar / Bass Patrick Uterwijk - Guitar Marco Foddis - Drums Lyrics: Suffering from a disease The morbid symptoms aren't indentifiable Physicians, they disagree Fighting it is thus impossible Vainly you wait for a cure But there's pain you have to endure We don't have to add you to the dead Leave your faith in science's hands Research might lead to your salvation While you're in a state of suspended animation After the anesthesia comes pure nitrogen In many degrees below zero An ice-bound human being Can they disabuse of him His yet unknown disease? Then maybe in the future the machines will stop to freeze The blood is no longer liquid No palpitations of the heart Stone cold hardened intestines There will never be a new start Ages wait for a cure No more pain they have to endure They added themselves to the dead Left their faith in science's hands Forever frozen is their destination In a state of suspended animation
Pestilence Consuming Impulse Death Metal
04/10/05 and then 04/13/05... I really enjoyed this concert, the quality and the sound, and just the music was awesome, I loved this song with abit of the cartooney music in the back, and just the whole effects.. really good!
Off the up coming mixtape "Suspended Animation"
A time-lapse video of anoxia-induced suspended animation in a nematode (roundworm) embryo -- a 10-hour experiment shot at 175x real time. Study reveals how suspended animation protects against lethal hypothermia. and may have implications for extending preservation of human organs for transplantation The video and study is courtesy of the laboratory of Dr. Mark Roth. Learn more at www.fhcrc.org
Suspended animation Hutchinson Center hypothermia
Sync24 Suspended Animation from the album Source
the Dutch Death Metal Gods! Pestilence - The Country Club, Reseda, CA - 10.05.90 Video by: Sean Sitka Brought to you by: Sean Sitka and the official Pestilence myspace: www.myspace.com
Pestilence Suspended Animation
www.squidoo.com Jeremy Crow gives an introduction to the current state of modern Cryonics. Explains the difference between cryonics and cryogenics. Describes the process of cryopreservation including the use of vitrifying cryoprotectants.
jeremycrow cryonics suspended animation vlog
The Japanese anime animation industry is big business, worth $2 billion a year, but its facing some major threats and many companies are turning to anime porn just to survive. The problems come from illegal downloading, which is hurting advertising sales, competition from Chinese and...
SBS Dateline Suspended Animation:
theDutch/Italian/Cuban Death Metal Gods! Pestilence - Staten Island, NY 11.15.91 Line-up: Patrick Mameli - Guitar, Vocals Patrick Uterwijk - Guitar Tony Choy - Bass Marco Foddis - Drums Video by: Sean Sitka Brought to you by: Sean Sitka and the official Pestilence myspace: www.myspace.com
Pestilence Suspended Animation Staten
Suspended Animation is a short film which was shot in former military area Milovice, Czech Republic. It was IN SANE's first project that started as a semestral work on University of Economics in Prague. The film has won two awards on Winston Econ Art 2011 festival -- Grand Prix (best movie) and Best photography. The Cast Štěpán Coufal -- The subject Pavel Holubička -- The evil The Crew Václav Krejčí -- Director, Screenplay, Video editor Tomáš Šapovalov -- Producer Jan Pospíšil -- Director of photography, Screenplay, Video editor, Sound editor František Procházka -- Assistent cameraman, Gaffer Pavel Holubička -- Chief technician, Sound recording Filip Truhlář -- Gaffer, Supervisor Jana Nykodýmová -- Production assistant Filip Worsch -- Production assistant Used music Mark Morgan -- Vats of Goo Marilyn Manson -- Resident Evil Main Title Theme Mark Morgan -- All-Clear Signal Mark Morgan -- Followers' Credo Marilyn Manson -- Cleansing Thanks Středočeská Rozvojová -- Mladá as, Solari Software Solutions sro, Milada Kubíčková, Jarda Matějíček, VHL sro, stenella sro, GML VŠE, Kateřina Pospíšilová a Michal Turna 2011, IN SANE crew
bennythegreat13: #NowPlaying John Petrucci - Suspended Animation RT @AzdiDahlan: Dengerin Lamb Of God biar ga galau ... http://t.co/cOlRO6QD
niwzistelqa: Suspended Animation (Audio CD): The first edition (Limited to 25,000) is a spiral bound 30 page eye popping pack... http://t.co/pUzaNiyF
Sorrell: @infovore All good reasons and wholly true. Basically, it's like being in suspended animation, except you will die eventually.
dopysykesyg: A few drops of the rum restored suspended animation, while.
drchristinehill: Ancient life, millions of years old and barely alive, found beneath ocean floor http://t.co/hB41EXgv >"like suspended animation” Amazing.
EHRworkflow: "like suspended animation" RT @washingtonpost Millions of years old ancient life found barely alive beneath ocean floor http://t.co/AzqzoRZ5
pihehifagugam: A few drops of the rum restored suspended animation, while.
rford: @theglipper There is allegedly a rare docket of cases that are active but in suspended animation, but that is a bizarre exception.
kavanagh: Subterranean Pacific seafloor #extremophile bacteria under Pacific since Cretaceous in metabolic suspended animation http://t.co/hQAYXUcp
nicyjesyvagu: It combined all the advantages of a space suit with those of suspended animation.
lujofykydus: Suspended animation, with a most fascinating flow of.
f3ds: @yodi_boy | listening to 'suspended animation'
rotherhamdebs: @ClareWoodward only 48 but..that's big enough thankyou! I'm not having any more after this one! putting myself in suspended animation haha x
fohuqynyxiza: A few drops of the rum restored suspended animation, while.
dagolejoxuwed: It combined all the advantages of a space suit with those of suspended animation.
R Michelle Winters: General Smedley Butler on Interventionism -- Excerpt from a speech delivered in 1933, by Major General Smedley Butler, USMC. War is just a racket. A racket is best described, I believe, as something that is not what it seems to the majority of people. Only a small inside group knows what it is about. It is conducted for the benefit of the very few at the expense of the masses. I believe in adequate defense at the coastline and nothing else. If a nation comes over here to fight, then we'll fight. The trouble with America is that when the dollar only earns 6 percent over here, then it gets restless and goes overseas to get 100 percent. Then the flag follows the dollar and the soldiers follow the flag. I wouldn't go to war again as I have done to protect some lousy investment of the bankers. There are only two things we should fight for. One is the defense of our homes and the other is the Bill of Rights. War for any other reason is simply a racket. There isn't a trick in the racketeering bag that the military gang is blind to. It has its "finger men" to point out enemies, its "muscle men" to destroy enemies, its "brain men" to plan war preparations, and a "Big Boss" Super-Nationalistic-Capitalism. It may seem odd for me, a military man to adopt such a comparison. Truthfulness compels me to. I spent thirty- three years and four months in active military service as a member of this country's most agile military force, the Marine Corps. I served in all commissioned ranks from Second Lieutenant to Major-General. And during that period, I spent most of my time being a high class muscle- man for Big Business, for Wall Street and for the Bankers. In short, I was a racketeer, a gangster for capitalism. I suspected I was just part of a racket at the time. Now I am sure of it. Like all the members of the military profession, I never had a thought of my own until I left the service. My mental faculties remained in suspended animation while I obeyed the orders of higher-ups. This is typical with everyone in the military service. I helped make Mexico, especially Tampico, safe for American oil interests in 1914. I helped make Haiti and Cuba a decent place for the National City Bank boys to collect revenues in. I helped in the raping of half a dozen Central American republics for the benefits of Wall Street. The record of racketeering is long. I helped purify Nicaragua for the international banking house of Brown Brothers in 1909-1912 (where have I heard that name before?). I brought light to the Dominican Republic for American sugar interests in 1916. In China I helped to see to it that Standard Oil went its way unmolested. During those years, I had, as the boys in the back room would say, a swell racket. Looking back on it, I feel that I could have given Al Capone a few hints. The best he could do was to operate his racket in three districts. I operated on three continents.
Armando Damian Reyes: We can never let go because, there is nothing to hold on to!!! There is nothing to hold on to because, we can never let go!!! It's okay to be in the middle of nowhere!!! It is in that dark empty space of your creative consciousness where the Light and, the Shadow of the Spirits Soul will manifest your dreams creation in suspended animation!!! (Armando Damian Reyes)
Wesley Kopke: At this rate they shall find my body in a state of suspended animation a few hundred years from now xD . . . So cold!
Martelle L. Johnson: Lyrics: [Learning To Fly] Into the distance, a ribbon of black Stretched to the point of no turning back A flight of fancy on a windswept field Standing alone my senses reeled A fatal attraction is holding me fast, How can I escape this irresistible grasp? Can't keep my eyes from the circling skies Tongue-tied and twisted, just an earth-bound misfit, I Ice is forming on the tips of my wings Unheeded warnings, I thought, I thought of everything No navigator to find my way home Unladened, empty and turned to stone A soul in tension -- that's learning to fly Condition grounded but determined to try Can't keep my eyes from the circling skies Tongue-tied and twisted just an earth-bound misfit, I Above the planet on a wing and a prayer, My grubby halo, a vapour trail in the empty air, Across the clouds I see my shadow fly Out of the corner of my watering eye A dream unthreatened by the morning light Could blow this soul right through the roof of the night There's no sensation to compare with this Suspended animation, a state of bliss Can't keep my mind from the circling skies Tongue-tied and twisted just an earth-bound misfit, I
Rob Crockett: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZMR4m3HV9Y&feature=fvwrel This is like suspended animation,..She just takes my breath away, what a talent.. <3 Kate..
Jesse Wolvin: So tell me, when you took the Practice Scholastic Aptitude Test, did you know the answers or did you guess? You rely on gimmicks to amuse your fans and act all urban to jack up your soundscan What's the matter with you? How come you rhyme monosylabically? Is atrophy shrinking your entire vocabulary? Your style's like garbage cans meant to be taken out on a weekly basis Ever since your first record you've been in a state of suspended animation You look like Snuffleuffagus and Astropithecus Me cray, you abacus But enough about you, let's talk about me and how single-handedly I redefined the science of radio astronomy Making Nobel prize winners question their notions of reality Oh, but I digress You always win at Sorry I always win at chess Go get some percasets
Sumit Tewari: Many things that look supernatural or Godly are not actually so... Suspended Animation.... Awesome...!! http://www.ted.com/talks/mark_roth_suspended_animation.html
Jim Glover: There's no sensation to compare with this. Suspended animation, a state of bliss.
Aqoh Si Khurt Nhoel: The events one hundred years before the beginning of the show are revealed gradually and out of order throughout the series. More than a century before the beginning of the series, the ruler of the Fire Nation, Fire Lord Sozin, hatched plans for world subjugation. Knowing that Avatar Roku, a fellow Firebender and Sozin's best friend, would oppose these plans, Sozin waited for Roku's death, and the Avatar was reincarnated as an Airbender named Aang. Aang was initiated into the truth of his status years too early, the needs of the ongoing world war outweighing that of his childhood, despite the protests of his mentor Monk Gyatso. Aang, fearful of his new responsibilities, and of separation from his Monk Gyatso, fled his home on his flying bison Appa; they were subsequently forced by a storm into the ocean, and Aang's protective Avatar State encased them in an iceberg, in suspended animation. Fire Lord Sozin then carried out a genocide of the Air Nomads; the entire people were wiped out, leaving Aang as the eponymous last Airbender. The war continued for a hundred years. Sozin passed away of natural causes, and was succeeded by first Azulon and then Azulon's second son Ozai, the ruling Fire Lord at the time of the series.
Robert Pickering: All living things came from an original source of life and that original source of life was manifest in its day. That's extraversion. That original source of life caused all living things to traverse or go beyond their own kind to produce a different living thing, so it may be fully furnished in its day. This by course led unto the creation of man on the sixth day and upon the seventh day God suspended animation.
J Simmons Armstrong: Alas, how sweet it is to find myself sitting in a state of splendid suspended animation at the VC and vegetating on this magnificent (or quintessential i mjght say for the benefit of my good buddy Tyler Rex) spring afternoon. I just had a great chat with Elder Clapier and his son, Elder Alca, originally from Peru but now from West Orange, NJ. it is truly a BB&B day (not Bed, Bath & Beyond as you might think but rather blonde, bold and beautiful, a description given in September of 1973 to a stunning bride named Maizie Cox). However, a trip to BB&B before the end of the day to purchase a wedding gift is no out of the question. I tend to borrow expressions from other contexts to describe scenarios closer to home. For example, some of my RM friends may recall my usage of the term "elite guard", meaning superstar missionaries and not Saddam Hussein's inner circle. Well, enough of crazy J.S. and his pontificating for one day! I do hope that I have provided you with a few laughs, particularly if you could benefit therefrom at this time. If I have succeeded in my desire to brighten your day, I shall view the day as a thoroughly enjoyable one from my own vantage point. God bless!
Erick Paternina: There's no sensation to compare with this Suspended animation, a state of bliss Can't keep my mind from the circling sky Tongue tied and twisted just an earth-bound misfit, I. -Pink Floyd
Julius Cantos: Do not wait too long to tell her your feelings, You just don't know when you are gonna be stuck at sheet of ice and be in a suspended animation for 70 years - Captain America
Nisa Limbu: wow.....
KrayZee Ikki: I'm possessed by evil demons that torture me while I'm sleeping I keep dreaming of death and I'm hearing people screaming The devil's spirit's trapped inside me and I want it out I'm on the couch bleeding to death in a haunted house With both of my wrists slit, I'm lifted up in the air And suspended in animation like someone's holding me there I feel somebody's cold hands wrapping around my neck While I choke on my own blood that I swallow and drown to death
Lalit Panigrahi: Our performance at PANIIT Conference 2012, Singapore
Lulu McDermott: http://vimeo.com/41796732 Amazing. Suspended animation!
Bo Kaier: Waiting until Tuesday for weighty employment related news. In the meantime, I continue gently bobbing in a state of suspended animation.
T-Zone Wedderburn: Be careful who you allow in your life, some will come to build you while others will come to break you down or keep you in a state of suspended animation. Note well, some people are just hi and bye
Michael Schoch: Let's follow the cops back home, Follow the cops back home, Let's follow the cops back home, And rob their houses. The call to arms was never true, Let's take a ride and push it through, Suspended animation in blue, Blame it on apartheid
Jose Cfe: Pink slime From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This is a good article. Click here for more information. Page semi-protected Pink slime Inventor Eldon Roth[1] Launch year 2001 (human use) earlier for pet food Company Beef Products Inc. (BPI), AFA Foods, Cargill, others Availability Available Current supplier Beef Products Inc., others Look up pink slime, lean finely textured beef, LFTB, soylent pink, or beef in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Pink slime, also known as lean finely textured beef (LFTB) [2] and boneless lean beef trimmings (BLBT),[3] is a beef-based food additive that may be added to ground beef and beef-based processed meats as an inexpensive filler.[4][5] It consists of finely ground beef scraps, sinew, fat, and connective tissue, which have been mechanically removed in a heated centrifuge at 100°F (38°C)[6] from the fat into liquid fat and a protein paste.[7][8] The recovered material is then processed, heated, and treated with ammonia gas[1] or citric acid to kill E. coli, salmonella, and other bacteria. It is finely ground, compressed into blocks, and flash frozen for use as an additive to beef products.[9][10] The term pink slime was coined in 2002 by Gerald Zirnstein, who at that time was a microbiologist for the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Safety and Inspection Service.[7] Some state officials have objected to the nickname, saying that "lean, finely textured beef is the proper name."[11] In the United States, the additive itself cannot legally be sold directly to consumers. However, it can constitute up to 15% of ground beef without additional labeling,[9] and it can also be added to other meat products such as beef-based processed meats.[9] Prior to the invention of the disinfection process, beef scraps could only be sold as pet food or as an ingredient for cooking oil.[4] Widespread public attention was drawn to the product in March 2012 by a series of reports at ABC News, which reported at that time that 70 percent of ground beef sold in U.S. supermarkets contained the product.[12] Subsequently, many grocery stores and supermarkets, including the nation's three largest chains, announced that they would no longer sell products containing the additive.[13] Manufacturer Beef Products Inc. (BPI) and meat industry organizations have countered the public concern by stating that the additive is in fact beef, and have begun using the slogan "beef is beef".[5][9][14][15] Pink slime is not permitted in Canada. In a statement, Health Canada stated that: "Ammonia is not permitted in Canada to be used in ground beef or meats during their production." Such products also may not be imported, as Canadian law requires that imported meat products meet the same standards and requirements as domestic meat.[16][17] Canada does allow Finely Textured Meat (FTM) to be "used in the preparation of ground meat" and "identified as ground meat" under certain conditions.[18] Pink slime does not meet the legal requirements for sale in the United Kingdom,[19] and the European Union has banned it and other mechanically-separated meats.[20] Contents 1 History 2 Production process 3 Controversy 3.1 Consumer concerns 3.2 USDA response 3.3 Effect on meat industry 3.4 Politician and media plant tour 4 Abstention and product divestment 4.1 Food manufacturers 4.2 Grocery retailers 4.3 Restaurants 4.4 Public schools 4.5 Effect on production 5 Mass media 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History Ground beef. Pink slime is a beef-based product that is often added to ground beef. It was reported in March 2012 that 70% of ground beef sold in U.S. supermarkets contained pink slime.[12] In 1994, in the wake of public health concerns over pathogenic E. coli in beef, Eldon Roth, founder of Beef Products Inc., began work on the "pH Enhancement System," which disinfects meat using ammonia.[21][22] The additive was approved for human consumption by the USDA in the early 1990s. USDA scientists Carl Custer and Gerald Zirnstein say they argued against approval, saying that it was not "meat" and was in fact "salvage," but were overruled.[12] Approval was ultimately granted by then-Under Secretary of Agriculture JoAnne Smith, who according to former USDA microbiologist Carl Custer stated "It's pink, therefore it's meat."[12] The term "pink slime" was coined in 2002 by Dr. Zirnstein in an internal email.[23] Zirnstein stated "I do not consider the stuff to be ground beef, and I consider allowing it in ground beef to be a form of fraudulent labeling."[22] Smith left the USDA in 1993 and joined the board of directors of BPI's principal supplier, where she made at least $1.2 million over 17 years.[12] In 2007, the USDA determined the disinfection process was so effective that it would be exempt from "routine testing of meat used in hamburger sold to the general public."[22] A December 2009 New York Times investigative piece questioned the safety of the meat treated by this process—pointing to occasions in which process adjustments were not effective.[24] This article included the first public use of the term "pink slime" as a pejorative term.[25] In January 2010, the newspaper published an editorial reiterating the concerns posed in the news article while noting that no meat produced by Beef Products Inc. has been linked to any illnesses or outbreaks.[26] Production process The production process uses heat in centrifuges to separate the fat from the meat in beef trimmings.[27] The resulting product is exposed to ammonia gas or citric acid to kill bacteria.[27][28] Gaseous ammonia changes into ammonium hydroxide when it comes in contact with moisture present in the meat.[1] The product sold by BPI introduces the trimmings to ammonium hydroxide (a solution of ammonia in water), while the Cargill product uses citric acid in lieu of ammonium hydroxide.[29] Part of the manufacturing process at BPI includes extruding the material through long tubes that are thinner than a pencil, during which time the meat is exposed to gaseous ammonia.[1][30] The product is sold in the U.S. to food companies which use it in ground beef production. A 2008 Washington Post article suggested the content of most beef patties containing the substance approaches 25%.[31] Most is produced and sold by Beef Products, Inc. (BPI), Cargill Meat Solutions, and Tyson Foods.[22][32] Controversy Public attention was drawn to the product in March 2012 by a series of reports at ABC News, which reported at that time that 70 percent of ground beef sold in U.S. supermarkets contained pink slime.[12] It has been described as "essentially scrap meat pieces compressed together and treated with an antibacterial agent."[33] In the U.S., beef can be labeled "100 percent ground beef" even if it contains up to 15 percent pink slime,[34][35] and currently in the U.S., only if a USDA Organic label is present can consumers know that the beef contains no pink slime.[9] Source areas may include, but are not limited to, the most contaminated portions of cattle,[5] such as near the hide which is often exposed to fecal matter.[9][36] The nature of the product and the manner in which it is processed led to concerns that it might be a risk to human health, despite the fact that there have been no reported cases of foodborne illnesses due to consumption of the product.[37][38][39] Media reporting dramatically reduced its acceptance as an additive to ground beef, leading many retailers and wholesalers to stop using the product, or to label their meats "pink slime-free." The reaction against the product has been partially credited to Bettina Siegel's Change.org petition that has landed over a quarter million signatures to ban it in school lunches.[9] The product has been described as "disgusting" and "gross" by consumer advocates, but "safe to eat" by the USDA and Beef Products Inc., the manufacturer. However in an interview, Zirnstein and his colleague Carl Custer, also a former USDA microbiologist, stated that they consider the substance a "salvage product" rather than meat.[40] Consumer advocacy groups have pressed for its elimination or for mandatory disclosure of additives in beef,[41][42][5][9][15] but a spokesperson from Beef Products Inc. said there was no need for any additional labeling, asking "What should we label it? It's 100 percent beef, what do you want us to label it? I'm not prepared to say it's anything other than beef, because it's 100 percent beef."[43] Pink slime has been called "an unappetizing example of industrialized food production."[44] The Center for Science in the Public Interest, nutritionist Andy Bellatti, and food policy writer Tom Laskawy have variously noted that the product is "unappetizing, but perhaps not more so than other things that are routinely part of hamburger,"[45] is "one of many symptoms of a broken food system,"[46] and is only one of several chemicals routinely added to industrially-produced meat in the United States, respectively.[47] Consumer concerns U.S. consumers have expressed concerns that ground beef which contains pink slime is not labeled as such, and that consumers are currently unable to make informed purchasing decisions due to this lack of product labeling.[5] A Harris Interactive survey commissioned by Red Robin and released on April 4, 2012 found that 88% of U.S. adults were aware of the "pink slime" issue, and that of those who were aware 76% indicated that they were "at least somewhat concerned," with 30% "extremely concerned." Some 53% of respondents aware of pink slime took some action, such as researching ground beef they purchase or consume or decreasing or eliminating ground beef consumption.[48] Red Robin study on pink slime Issue Figure Aware of pink slime issue 88% Somewhat concerned about PS 76% Extremely concerned about PS 30% Took some action due to PS 53% Researched restaurant or grocer GB source 24% Decreased/stopped consuming GB at restaurants 22% Decreased/stopped buying GB at grocers 25% Notes: PS = pink slime, GB = ground beef Source: Survey of 2,222 American adults, March 29 - April 2, 2012[49] Senator Bob Menendez of New Jersey, a Democrat, called upon the USDA to institute mandatory labeling guidelines for ground beef sold in supermarkets, so consumers can make informed purchasing decisions.[36] USDA response In a statement on March 22, 2012, Under Secretary of Agriculture for Food Safety Elisabeth A. Hagen stated that "The process used to produce LFTB is safe and has been used for a very long time. And adding LFTB to ground beef does not make that ground beef any less safe to consume."[2] Effect on meat industry On March 25, 2012, BPI announced it would suspend operations at three of its four plants.[10][50] The three plants produced a total of about 900,000 pounds of the product per day.[3] On May 8, 2012, BPI announced that it would be closing the three plants in question, effective May 25. On April 3, 2012, U.S. cattle futures on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange were at a 3.5-month low, which was partially attributed to the pink slime affair. Livestock traders stated that: "It has put a dent in demand. It is bullish for live cattle over the long-term, but short-term it is certainly negative."[51][52] Pink slime is also manufactured by AFA Foods and Cargill.[53] AFA filed for bankruptcy stating that it was due to the pink slime controversy.[53] Cargill significantly cut production of the product and, "warned [that] the public's resistance to the filler could lead to higher hamburger prices this barbecue season" in April 2012.[53] Politician and media plant tour Iowa governor Terry Branstad is a proponent of pink slime's use in beef products. Following the suspension of operations at the plants, members of the media and leaders were invited to tour the facilities by Iowa Governor Terry Branstad, a Republican.[15] The founders of BPI gave campaign contributions to Branstad in 2010,[15] and to other Republican candidates' campaigns.[54] Texas Governor Rick Perry, Nebraska Lieutenant Governor Rick Sheehy, Kansas Governor Sam Brownback, and South Dakota Lieutenant Governor Matt Michels, all Republicans from meat-producing states, toured the South Sioux City, Nebraska plant in an attempt to allay what they called "inaccurate information" that they claimed as having caused "an unnecessary panic among consumers."[55] The publicity tour emerged with the promotional slogan, "Dude, it's beef!"[15] News reporters were not allowed to ask employees at BPI any questions during the tour.[15] BPI assert that social media and ABC News "grossly misrepresented" their product.[15] Not all commentators accepted the new promotion.[56] On March 28, 2012, Branstad said that "The problem is, we take this off the market, then we end up with a fatter product that’s going to cost more and it’s going to increase the obesity problem in this country."[55] Safeway and other retailers that have removed pink slime from their shelves or product lines have stated they will not raise the price of their beef.[9] Branstad also stated that he will recommend that Iowa state public schools continue to use ground beef which contains LFTB, in which he plans to "send a letter to the state's public schools, encouraging them to continue to buy LFTB."[57] Abstention and product divestment Food manufacturers Several U.S. food manufacturers have publicly stated that they do not use pink slime in their products, including ConAgra Foods Inc., Sara Lee Corporation and Kraft Foods Inc.[58] Grocery retailers Costco Wholesale Corporation stated that they do not use beef containing pink slime because it is not up to their standards. Publix, Whole Foods Market, H-E-B, Fresh & Easy and Mars (supermarket) also have stated they do not sell products containing the additive.[5][59][60][61][62] Fresh and Easy in fact capitalized on the controversy by offering to trade meat from its competitors containing the additive for its own pink slime-free meat free for up to two pounds for several days.[63] Gerrity’s Supermarkets stated that it never knowingly sold the product but that it had amended its policy to demand its suppliers certify their meat as pink slime free.[61] In 2012, food distributors Safeway, the second-largest in the nation, halted the sale of beef containing the additive at its Safeway, Carrs, Dominick's, Genuardi's, Randall's, Tom Thumb, Simon David, Pak'nSave, Vons, and Pavilions stores.[64] Supervalu, the third-largest in the nation, stopped selling products containing the additive at its SuperValu, Lucky, Acme, Farm Fresh, Cub Foods, Hornbacher's, Save-A-Lot, Shaw's, Jewel-Osco, Shop 'n Save, The Market, Shoppers Food, and Albertsons stores due to "considerable customer concern."[65][9][60] Kroger, America's largest supermarket chain, also stopped selling beef with pink slime in it.[66] The company released a statement that says: "Our customers have expressed their concerns that the use of lean finely textured beef—while fully approved by the USDA for safety and quality—is something they do not want in their ground beef. As a result, Kroger will no longer purchase ground beef containing lean finely textured beef."[67] Food Lion and its subsidiaries Harveys Supermarkets, Bloom, and Bottom Dollar Food have also banned the product.[9] Meijer,[68] Lowes Foods,[30] and Bi-Lo/Winn-Dixie also announced that they would no longer sell products containing pink slime.[69] Ahold's grocery stores, Giant-Carlisle and Giant-Landover, stopped selling items containing LFTB on March 22, 2012, based on customer concerns.[70] Giant Eagle also eliminated the product describing "questions, confusion, and a decline in consumer confidence in the product" as its rationale.[71] In April 2012 Shaw's and Star Market, Market Basket, Hannaford Bros. Co., and Target all reported they would stop selling beef with the product.[72] Officials with Market Basket stated that although they consider the product to be "perfectly safe," that pink slime is a "misleading" term, and that the reaction to it is a "panic," since the public "doesn't want it in there... we pulled it out."[72] Wegmans will continue selling the item until it can procure pink slime-free ground beef and has promised to phase out ground beef with the filler.[70] Walmart and its subsidiary Sam's Club announced they will soon offer pink slime-free ground beef as an option but will continue to also sell meat containing the filler.[70] By mid April 2012 it was reported that Wal-Mart would no longer sell meat with the pink slime additive.[53][73] The pink slime stories were reported to have led to increased business in small neighborhood markets, as customers "don't want to eat 'lean finely textured beef.'"[72] Iowa's Hy-Vee markets originally announced that they planned to phase out products containing LFTB, but the company reversed its decision after pressure from Iowa state Governor Terry Branstad.[74] This was described by the Omaha World-Herald as BPI's "first victory" in the pink slime affair, which a Branstad spokesman claimed was a "smear campaign."[74] Nevertheless, it was reported that some people find the product "unappetizing" as it is a "lesser product" that is not disclosed.[74] Restaurants McDonald's,[75] Burger King and Taco Bell announced they would discontinue the use of BPI products in their food.[76] Wendy's ran full-page advertisements in eight major newspapers (including The New York Times, USA Today, and the Los Angeles Times), stating that it has never used pink slime. A Wendy's spokesperson told Reuters news agency, "We have never used lean finely textured beef (pink slime) because it doesn't meet our high quality standards."[77][58] Five Guys confirmed that "We do not have pink slime in our ground beef. We use 80/20 ground chuck. Our manufactures [sic] do not use ammoniated procedures."[78] Red Robin stated that it has "never purchased or served beef containing the so-called 'pink slime.'"[48] Public schools After parents and consumer advocates insisted pink slime be removed from public schools, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) indicated that it would give school districts the option of choosing between ground beef with or without the additive.[10][79][80] The USDA stated in March 2012 that beginning in fall 2012, the U.S. National School Lunch Program will allow school districts to decide whether or not to purchase ground beef containing pink slime.[81] On March 22, 2012, 41 Democrats in Congress, led by Representative Chellie Pingree of Maine, wrote a letter to Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack, writing that "creating a two-tiered school lunch program where kids in less affluent communities get served this low-grade slurry is wrong" and urging the elimination of pink slime from all public-school lunches.[82][83] Representative Chellie Pingree, who led a group of 41 Congressional Democrats who urged Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack to remove "this low-grade slurry" from public-school lunches. Following the USDA announcement, many school districts have stated they will opt out of serving ground beef with the filler.[81][84] The Miami-Dade County Public Schools district, one of the nation's largest, stated that it would choose pink-slime-free beef despite some expected increase in cost, as did state officials in South Carolina.[85] The New York City Department of Education announced plans to phase out pink slime (following a letter from Manhattan Borough President Scott Stringer urging the department to do so[86]), while the Boston Public Schools district "decided to hold and isolate its entire inventory of ground beef" in a warehouse "until the district knows more about what is in it."[85] In the Washington Metropolitan Area, school officials in the District of Columbia, Arlington County, Alexandria, and Prince George's County stated that none of their beef suppliers currently uses pink-slime beef, while the school districts in Montgomery and Fairfax canceled their existing meat orders and stated that they planned to be pink slime-free by the next school year.[87] The Anchorage School District announced plans to opt out of purchasing beef containing the additive.[88] The New Jersey Department of Agriculture announced it would only buy beef without the ammonia-treated filler. Additionally, schools were given the option to cancel pink slime-containing beef orders for the remainder of the year, although they would not receive subsides on those orders.[89] The Los Angeles Unified School District said in a statement that "We use 100% all-natural ground beef with no fillers, additives or soy isolates including mechanically separated parts of beef." The San Francisco Unified School District also stated that their beef suppliers do not use pink slime.[82] While some school districts have their own suppliers, many school districts purchase beef directly from the USDA and so have no way to know what is in the beef.[82] It was reported that for the year 2012, the USDA has planned on purchasing 7 million pounds of lean beef trimmings for the U.S. national school lunch program.[7] USDA spokesman Mike Jarvis stated that of the 117 million pounds of beef ordered nationally for the school lunch program last year, 6 percent was LFTB.[82] An analysis of California Department of Education data obtained by California Watch indicated that "anywhere from none to nearly 3 million pounds of beef from the USDA that was served in California schools last year could have been lean finely textured beef."[82] According to the USDA, the cost differential between ground beef with and without the additive is around 3 percent.[82] Secretary Vilsack Senator Jon Tester, Democrat of Montana, urged Vilsack to remove "pink slime" from school lunches and replace it with "high-quality Montana beef." Tester stated that he planned to include provisions in the upcoming farm bill that would allow schools more flexibility in using USDA commodity dollars, so they can buy locally-grown and produced food.[90] Effect on production In March 2012 BPI suspended production at three of its four plants. The company announced that it was in "crisis planning" and production of LFTB was halved.[10] On April 2, 2012, another producer, AFA Foods, a ground-beef processor owned by Yucaipa Companies, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, citing "ongoing media attention" that has "dramatically reduced the demand for all ground beef products."[91][92] Mass media Jamie Oliver An episode of Jamie Oliver's Food Revolution, aired on April 12, 2011, depicted Jamie Oliver decrying the use of pink slime in the food supply and in school lunches.[93] In the episode, Oliver douses beef trimmings in liquid ammonia while explaining what the product is and why he is disgusted with it.[93] Oliver has stated, "Everyone who is told about pink slime doesn't like it in their food—school kids, soldiers, senior citizens all hate it."[94] The American Meat Institute and Beef Products Inc. retorted with a YouTube video featuring Dr. Gary Acuff of Texas A&M University questioning some of Oliver's statements and promoting the additive.[28][95] A March 7, 2012, ABC News investigative report on the product said 70% of ground beef sold in U.S. supermarkets contained pink slime at that time, and that the USDA considered it meat.[12] The report precipitated a widespread consumer backlash against the additive. Numerous supermarket chains discontinued sale of products incorporating the filler following the backlash.[96] Jon Stewart, a comedian, described the product as "ammonia-soaked centrifuge-separated byproduct paste" on his program, The Daily Show, and showed an animation of the production process.[97] In an Associated Press review, food editor and cookbook author J.M. Hirsh compared the taste of pink slime-containing hamburgers against traditional, or "real," hamburgers. He described the filler–containing burgers as smelling the same, but being less juicy and highly mealy with bits and studs of cartilage–like matter.[98]
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