Dickens

"Dickens" redirects here. For other uses, see Dickens (disambiguation).

Charles Dickens

Born	Charles John Huffam Dickens 7 February 1812(1812-02-07) Landport, Portsmouth, England
Died	9 June 1870(1870-06-09) (aged 58) Gad's Hill Place, Higham, Kent, England
Resting place	Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey
Occupation	Writer
Ethnicity	English
Citizenship	UK
Notable work(s)	The Pickwick Papers, Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol, David Copperfield, Bleak House, Hard Times, A Tale of Two Cities, Great Expectations
Spouse(s)	Catherine Thomson Hogarth
Children	Charles Dickens, Jr., Mary Dickens, Kate Perugini, Walter Landor Dickens, Francis Dickens, Alfred D'Orsay Tennyson Dickens, Sydney Smith Haldimand Dickens, Henry Fielding Dickens, Dora Annie Dickens, and Edward Dickens

Signature

Charles John Huffam Dickens ( /ˈtʃɑrlz ˈdɪkɪnz/; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English writer and social critic who is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian period and the creator of some of the world's most memorable fictional characters.^[1] During his lifetime Dickens' works enjoyed unprecedented popularity and fame, but it was in the twentieth century that his literary genius was fully recognized by critics and scholars. His novels and short stories continue to enjoy an enduring popularity among the general reading public.^[2]^[3]

Born in Portsmouth, England, Dickens left school to work in a factory after his father was thrown into debtors' prison. Though he had little formal education, his early impoverishment drove him to succeed. He edited a weekly journal for 20 years, wrote 15 novels and hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles, lectured and performed extensively, was an indefatigable letter writer, and campaigned vigorously for children's rights, education, and other social reforms.

Dickens rocketed to fame with the 1836 serial publication of the Pickwick Papers. Within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity, celebrated for his humour, satire, and keen observation of character and society. His novels, most published in monthly or weekly instalments, pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction, which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication.^[4]^[5] The instalment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audience's reaction, and he often modified his plot and character development based on such feedback.^[5] For example, when his wife's chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities, Dickens went on to improve the character with positive lineaments.^[6] Fagin in Oliver Twist apparently mirrors the famous fence, Ikey Solomon;^[7] His caricature of Leigh Hunt in the figure of Mr Skimpole in Bleak House was likewise toned down on advice from some of his friends, as they read episodes:^[8] In the same novel, both Lawrence Boythorne and Mooney the beadle are drawn from real life – Boythorne from Walter Savage Landor) and Mooney from a certain 'Looney', a beadle at Salisbury Square.^[9] Though his plots were carefully constructed, Dickens would often weave in elements harvested from topical events into his narratives.^[10] Masses of the illiterate poor chipped in ha'pennies to have each new monthly episode read to them, opening up and inspiring a new class of readers.^[11]

Dickens was regarded as the 'literary colossus' of his age.^[12] His 1843 novella, A Christmas Carol, is one of the most influential works ever written, and it remains popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre. His creative genius has been praised by fellow writers—from Leo Tolstoy to G. K. Chesterton and George Orwell—for its realism, comedy, prose style, unique characterisations, and social criticism. On the other hand Oscar Wilde, Henry James and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of psychological depth, loose writing, and a vein of saccharine sentimentalism.

Life

Early years

2 Ordnance Terrace, Chatham, Dickens's home 1817–1822

Charles Dickens was born on 7 February 1812, at Landport in Portsea, the second of eight children to John and Elizabeth Dickens. His father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office and was temporarily on duty in the district. Very soon after the birth of Charles the family moved to Norfolk Street, Bloomsbury, and then, when he was four, to Chatham, Kent, where he spent his formative years until the age of 11. His early years seem to have been idyllic, though he thought himself a "very small and not-over-particularly-taken-care-of boy".^[13]

Illustration by Fred Bernard of Dickens at work in a shoe-blacking factory after his father had been sent to the Marshalsea, published in the 1892 edition of Forster's Life of Dickens^[14]

Charles spent time outdoors, but also read voraciously, especially the picaresque novels of Tobias Smollett and Henry Fielding. He retained poignant memories of childhood, helped by a near-photographic memory of the people and events, which he used in his writing.^[15] His father's brief period as a clerk in the Navy Pay Office afforded him a few years of private education, first at a dame-school, and then at a school run by William Giles, a dissenter, in Chatham.^[16]

This period came to an abrupt end when, because of financial difficulties, the Dickens family moved from Kent to Camden Town in London in 1822. Prone to living beyond his means,^[17] John Dickens was eventually imprisoned in the Marshalsea debtors' prison in Southwark London in 1824. Shortly afterwards, his wife and the youngest children joined him there, as was the practice at the time. Charles, then 12 years old, was boarded with Elizabeth Roylance, a family friend, in Camden Town.^[18] Mrs. Roylance was "a reduced [impoverished] old lady, long known to our family", whom Dickens later immortalised, "with a few alterations and embellishments", as "Mrs. Pipchin", in Dombey and Son. Later, he lived in a back-attic in the house of an agent for the Insolvent Court, Archibald Russell, "a fat, good-natured, kind old gentleman ... with a quiet old wife" and lame son, in Lant Street in The Borough.^[19] They provided the inspiration for the Garlands in The Old Curiosity Shop.^[20]

On Sundays—with his sister Frances, free from her studies at the Royal Academy of Music—he spent the day at the Marshalsea.^[21] Dickens would later use the prison as a setting in Little Dorrit. To pay for his board and to help his family, Dickens was forced to leave school and work ten-hour days at Warren's Blacking Warehouse, on Hungerford Stairs, near the present Charing Cross railway station, where he earned six shillings a week pasting labels on pots of boot blacking. The strenuous and often cruel working conditions deeply impressed Dickens and later influenced his fiction and essays, becoming the foundation of his interest in the reform of socio-economic and labour conditions, the rigors of which he believed were unfairly borne by the poor. He would later write that he wondered "how I could have been so easily cast away at such an age".^[22] As he recalled to John Forster (from The Life of Charles Dickens):

The blacking-warehouse was the last house on the left-hand side of the way, at old Hungerford Stairs. It was a crazy, tumble-down old house, abutting of course on the river, and literally overrun with rats. Its wainscoted rooms, and its rotten floors and staircase, and the old grey rats swarming down in the cellars, and the sound of their squeaking and scuffling coming up the stairs at all times, and the dirt and decay of the place, rise up visibly before me, as if I were there again. The counting-house was on the first floor, looking over the coal-barges and the river. There was a recess in it, in which I was to sit and work. My work was to cover the pots of paste-blacking; first with a piece of oil-paper, and then with a piece of blue paper; to tie them round with a string; and then to clip the paper close and neat, all round, until it looked as smart as a pot of ointment from an apothecary's shop. When a certain number of grosses of pots had attained this pitch of perfection, I was to paste on each a printed label, and then go on again with more pots. Two or three other boys were kept at similar duty down-stairs on similar wages. One of them came up, in a ragged apron and a paper cap, on the first Monday morning, to show me the trick of using the string and tying the knot. His name was Bob Fagin; and I took the liberty of using his name, long afterwards, in Oliver Twist.^[22]

The Marshalsea around 1897, after it had closed

After only a few months in Marshalsea, John Dickens's paternal grandmother, Elizabeth Dickens, died and bequeathed him the sum of £450. On the expectation of this legacy, Dickens was granted release from prison. Under the Insolvent Debtors Act, Dickens arranged for payment of his creditors, and he and his family left Marshalsea,^[23] for the home of Mrs. Roylance.

Although Dickens eventually attended the Wellington House Academy in North London, his mother Elizabeth Dickens did not immediately remove him from the boot-blacking factory. The incident may have done much to confirm Dickens's view that a father should rule the family, a mother find her proper sphere inside the home. "I never afterwards forgot, I never shall forget, I never can forget, that my mother was warm for my being sent back". His mother's failure to request his return was no doubt a factor in his dissatisfied attitude towards women.^[24]

Righteous anger stemming from his own situation and the conditions under which working-class people lived became major themes of his works, and it was this unhappy period in his youth to which he alluded in his favourite, and most autobiographical, novel, David Copperfield:^[25] "I had no advice, no counsel, no encouragement, no consolation, no assistance, no support, of any kind, from anyone, that I can call to mind, as I hope to go to heaven!" The Wellington House Academy was not a good school. "Much of the haphazard, desultory teaching, poor discipline punctuated by the headmaster's sadistic brutality, the seedy ushers and general run-down atmosphere, are embodied in Mr. Creakle's Establishment in David Copperfield."^[26]

Dickens worked at the law office of Ellis and Blackmore, attorneys, of Holborn Court, Gray's Inn, as a junior clerk from May 1827 to November 1828. Then, having learned Gurney's system of shorthand in his spare time, he left to become a freelance reporter. A distant relative, Thomas Charlton, was a freelance reporter at Doctors' Commons, and Dickens was able to share his box there to report the legal proceedings for nearly four years.^[27]^[28] This education was to inform works such as Nicholas Nickleby, Dombey and Son, and especially Bleak House—whose vivid portrayal of the machinations and bureaucracy of the legal system did much to enlighten the general public and served as a vehicle for dissemination of Dickens's own views regarding, particularly, the heavy burden on the poor who were forced by circumstances to "go to law".

In 1830, Dickens met his first love, Maria Beadnell, thought to have been the model for the character Dora in David Copperfield. Maria's parents disapproved of the courtship and effectively ended the relationship by sending her to school in Paris.^[29]

Journalism and early novels

In 1832, at age 20, Dickens was energetic, full of good humour, enjoyed mimicry and popular entertainment, and lacked a clear sense of what he wanted to become, yet knowing he wanted to be famous. He was drawn to the theatre and landed an acting audition a Covent Garden, for which he prepared meticulously but which he missed because of a cold, ending his aspirations for a career on the stage. A year later he submitted his first story, A Dinner at Poplar Walk to the London periodical, Monthly Magazine.^[30] He rented rooms at Furnival's Inn becoming a political journalist, reporting on parliamentary debate and travelling across Britain to cover election campaigns for the Morning Chronicle. His journalism, in the form of sketches in periodicals, formed his first collection of pieces Sketches by Boz—Boz being a family nickname he employed as a pseudonym for some years—published in 1836.^[31]^[32]^{[nb 1]} He continued to contribute to and edit journals throughout his literary career.^[30]

Catherine Hogarth Dickens by Samuel Lawrence (1838).

The success of these sketches led to a proposal from publishers Chapman and Hall for Dickens to supply text to match Robert Seymour's engraved illustrations in a monthly letterpress. Seymour committed suicide after the second instalment and Dickens, who wanted to write a connected series or sketches, hired "Phiz" to provide the engravings (which were reduced from four to two per instalment) to enhance the story. The resulting story was the The Pickwick Papers with the final instalment selling 40,000 copies.^[30]

In November 1836 Dickens accepted the job of editor of Bentley's Miscellany, a position he held for three years, until he fell out with the owner.^[33] In 1836 as he finished the last instalments of The Pickwick Papers he began writing the beginning instalments of Oliver Twist—writing as many as 90 pages a month—while continuing work on Bentley's, writing four plays, the production of which he oversaw. Oliver Twist became one of Dicken's better known stories, with dialogue that transferred well to the stage (most likely because he was writing stage plays at the same time) and more importantly, it was the first Victorian with a child protagonist.^[34]

An 1839 portrait of a young Charles Dickens by Daniel Maclise

On 2 April 1836, after a one year engagement during which he wrote The Pickwick Papers, he married Catherine Thomson Hogarth (1816–1879), the daughter of George Hogarth, editor of the Evening Chronicle.^[35] After a brief honeymoon in Chalk, Kent, they returned to lodgings at Furnival's Inn.^[36] The first of ten children, Charley, was born in January 1837, and a few months later the family set up home in Bloomsbury at 48 Doughty Street, London, (on which Charles had a three year lease at £80 a year) from 25 March 1837 until December 1839.^[37]^[35] Dickens's younger brother Frederick and Catherine's 17-year-old sister Mary moved in with them. Dickens became very attached to Mary, and she died in his arms after a brief illness in 1837. Dickens idealised her and is thought to have drawn on memories of her for his later descriptions of Rose Maylie, Little Nell and Florence Dombey.^[38] He grief was so great that he was unable to make the deadline for the June instalment of Pickwick Papers and had to cancel the Oliver Twist instalment that month as well.^[34]

At the same time, his success as a novelist continued, Nicholas Nickleby (1838–39), The Old Curiosity Shop and, finally, Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of 'Eighty as part of the Master Humphrey's Clock series (1840–41)—all published in monthly instalments before being made into books.^[39]

First visit to the United States

In 1842, Dickens and his wife made his first trip to the United States and Canada. At this time Georgina Hogarth, another sister of Catherine, joined the Dickens household, now living at Devonshire Terrace, Marylebone, to care for the young family they had left behind.^[40] She remained with them as housekeeper, organiser, adviser and friend until Dickens's death in 1870.^[41]

Sketch of Dickens in 1842 during American Tour. Sketch of Dickens's sister Fanny, bottom left

He described his impressions in a travelogue entitled American Notes for General Circulation. Some of the episodes in Martin Chuzzlewit (1843–44) also drew on these first-hand experiences. Dickens includes in Notes a powerful condemnation of slavery, which he had attacked as early as The Pickwick Papers, correlating the emancipation of the poor in England with the abolition of slavery abroad.^[42] During his visit, Dickens spent a month in New York City, giving lectures and raising the question of international copyright laws and the pirating of his work in America.^[43]^[44] He persuaded twenty five writers, headed by Washington Irving to sign a petition for him to take to congress, but the press were generally hostile to this saying that he should be grateful for his popularity and that it was mercenary to complain about his work being pirated.^[45]

In the early 1840s Dickens showed an interest in Unitarian Christianity, although he never strayed from his attachment to popular lay Anglicanism.^[46] Soon after his return to England, Dickens began work on the first of his Christmas stories, A Christmas Carol, written in 1843, which was followed by The Chimes in 1844 and The Cricket on the Hearth in 1845. Of these A Christmas Carol was most popular and, tapping in to an old tradition, did much promote a renewed enthusiasm for the joys of Christmas in Britain and America.^[47] The seeds for the story were planted in Dickens's mind during a trip to Manchester to witness conditions of the manufacturing workers there. This, along with scenes he had recently witnessed at the Field Lane Ragged School, caused Dickens to resolve to "strike a sledge hammer blow" for the poor. As the idea for the story took shape and the writing began in earnest, Dickens became engrossed in the book. He wrote that as the tale unfolded he "wept and laughed, and wept again" as he "walked about the black streets of London fifteen or twenty miles many a night when all sober folks had gone to bed."^[48]

After living briefly abroad in Italy (1844) Dickens travelled to Switzerland (1846); it was here he began work on Dombey and Son (1846–48). This and David Copperfield (1849–50) mark a significant artistic break in Dickens's career as his novels became more serious in theme and more carefully planned than his early works.

Philanthropy

Dickens was well known as a soft touch for persons in need and charitable causes.^[49] In May 1846 Angela Burdett Coutts, heir to the Coutts banking fortune, approached Dickens about setting up a home for the redemption of fallen women from the working class. Coutts envisioned a home that would replace the punitive regimes of existing institutions with a reformative environment conducive to education and proficiency in domestic household chores. After initially resisting, Dickens eventually founded the home, named "Urania Cottage", in the Lime Grove section of Shepherds Bush, which he was to manage for ten years,^[50] setting the house rules and reviewing the accounts and interviewing prospective residents.^[51] Emigration and marriage were central to Dickens' agenda for the women on leaving Urania Cottage, from which it is estimated that about 100 women graduated between 1847 and 1859.^[52]

Middle years

In late November 1851, Dickens moved into Tavistock House where he would write Bleak House (1852–53), Hard Times (1854) and Little Dorrit (1857).^[53] It was here he indulged in the amateur theatricals which are described in Forster's "Life".^[54] In 1856, the income he was earning from his writing allowed him to buy Gad's Hill Place in Higham, Kent. As a child, Dickens had walked past the house and dreamed of living in it. The area was also the scene of some of the events of Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 1 and this literary connection pleased him.^[55]

Ellen Ternan, 1858.

In 1857, Dickens hired professional actresses for the play The Frozen Deep, which he and his protégé Wilkie Collins had written. Dickens fell deeply in love with one of the actresses, Ellen Ternan, which was to last the rest of his life.^[56] Dickens was 45 and Ternan 18 when he made the decision, which went strongly against Victorian convention, to separate from his wife, Catherine, in 1858—divorce was still unthinkable for someone as famous as he was. When Catherine left, never to see her husband again, she took with her one child, leaving the other children to be raised by her sister Georgina who chose to stay at Gad's Hill.^[41]

During this period, whilst pondering about giving public readings for his own profit, Dickens was approached by Great Ormond Street Hospital to help it survive its first major financial crisis through a charitable appeal. His 'Drooping Buds’ essay in Household Words earlier in 3 April 1852 was considered by the hospital’s founders to have been the catalyst for the hospital’s success.^[57] Dickens, whose philanthropy was well-known, was asked by his friend, the hospital's founder Charles West, to preside and he threw himself into the task, heart and soul.^[58] Dickens' public readings secured sufficient funds for an endowment to put the hospital on a sound financial footing — one of February 9, 1858 alone raised £3,000.^[59]^[60]^[61]

After separating from Catherine,^[62] Dickens undertook a series of hugely popular and remunerative reading tours which, together with his journalism, were to absorb most of his creative energies for the next decade, in which he was to write only two more novels.^[63] His first reading tour, lasting from April 1858 to February 1859, consisted of 129 appearances in 49 different towns throughout England, Scotland and Ireland.^[64] Dickens' continued fascination with the theatrical world was written into the theatre scenes in Nicholas Nickleby, but more importantly he found an outlet in public readings. In 1866, he undertook a series of public readings in England and Scotland, with more the following year in England and Ireland.

At his desk in 1858

Major works, A Tale of Two Cities (1859); and Great Expectations (1861) soon followed and would prove resounding successes. During this time he was also the publisher and editor of, and a major contributor to, the journals Household Words (1850–1859) and All the Year Round (1858–1870).^[65]

In early September 1860, in a field behind Gad's Hill, Dickens made a great bonfire of almost his entire correspondence—only those letters on business matters were spared. Since Ellen Ternan also destroyed all of his letters to her,^[66] the extent of the affair between the two remains speculative.^[67] In the 1930s, Thomas Wright recounted that Ternan had unburdened herself with a Canon Benham, and gave currency to rumours they had been lovers.^[68] That the two had a son who died in infancy was alleged by Dickens' daughter, Kate Perugini, whom Gladys Storey had interviewed before her death in 1929, and published her account in Dickens and Daughter,^[69]^[70] although no contemporary evidence exists. On his death, Dickens settled an annuity on Ternan which made her a financially independent woman. Claire Tomalin's book, The Invisible Woman, argues that Ternan lived with Dickens secretly for the last 13 years of his life. The book was subsequently turned into a play, Little Nell, by Simon Gray.

In the same period, Dickens furthered his interest in the paranormal, becoming one of the early members of The Ghost Club.^[71]

Last years

Crash scene after the Staplehurst rail crash

On 9 June 1865, while returning from Paris with Ternan, Dickens was involved in the Staplehurst rail crash. The first seven carriages of the train plunged off a cast iron bridge under repair. The only first-class carriage to remain on the track was the one in which Dickens was travelling. Dickens tended and comforted the wounded and the dying, and saved some lives, before rescuers arrived, with a flask of brandy and a hat refreshed with water. Before leaving, he remembered the unfinished manuscript for Our Mutual Friend, and he returned to his carriage to retrieve it.^[72] Typically, Dickens later used this experience as material for his short ghost story The Signal-Man in which the central character has a premonition of his own death in a rail crash. He based the story around several previous rail accidents, such as the Clayton Tunnel rail crash of 1861.

Dickens managed to avoid an appearance at the inquest, to avoid disclosing that he had been travelling with Ternan and her mother, which would have caused a scandal. Although physically unharmed, Dickens never really recovered from the trauma of the Staplehurst crash, and his normally prolific writing shrank to completing Our Mutual Friend and starting the unfinished The Mystery of Edwin Drood.

Second visit to the United States

On 9 November 1867, Dickens sailed from Liverpool for his second American reading tour. Landing at Boston, he devoted the rest of the month to a round of dinners with such notables as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and his American publisher James Thomas Fields. In early December, the readings began—he was to 76 readings, netting £19,000, from December 1867 to April 1868^[73]—and Dickens spent the month shuttling between Boston and New York, where alone he gave 22 readings at Steinway Hall for this period. Although he had started to suffer from what he called the "true American catarrh", he kept to a schedule that would have challenged a much younger man, even managing to squeeze in some sleighing in Central Park.

Poster promoting a reading by Dickens in Nottingham dated 4 February 1869, two months before he suffered a mild stroke

During his travels, he saw a significant change in the people and the circumstances of America. His final appearance was at a banquet the American Press held in his honour at Delmonico's on 18 April, when he promised never to denounce America again. By the end of the tour, the author could hardly manage solid food, subsisting on champagne and eggs beaten in sherry. On 23 April, he boarded his ship to return to Britain, barely escaping a Federal Tax Lien against the proceeds of his lecture tour.^[74]

Farewell readings

Between 1868 and 1869, Dickens gave a series of "farewell readings" in England, Scotland, and Ireland, beginning on the 6th October. He managed, of a contracted 100 readings, to deliver 75 in the provinces, with a further 12 in London.^[73] As he pressed on he was affected by giddiness and fits of paralysis and collapsed on 22 April 1869, at Preston in Lancashire, and on doctor's advice, the tour was cancelled.^[75] After further provincial readings were cancelled, he began work on his final novel, The Mystery of Edwin Drood. It was fashionable in the 1860s to 'do the slums' and, in company, Dickens visited opium dens in Shadwell, where he witnessed an elderly addict known as "Laskar Sal", who formed the model for the "Opium Sal" subsequently featured in his mystery novel, Edwin Drood.^[76]

When he had regained sufficient strength, Dickens arranged, with medical approval, for a final series of readings at least partially to make up to his sponsors what they had lost due to his illness. There were to be 12 performances, running between 11 January and 15 March 1870, the last taking place at 8:00 pm at St. James's Hall in London. Although in grave health by this time, he read A Christmas Carol and The Trial from Pickwick. On 2 May, he made his last public appearance at a Royal Academy Banquet in the presence of the Prince and Princess of Wales, paying a special tribute to the passing of his friend, illustrator Daniel Maclise.^[77]

Death

Samuel Luke Fildes – The Empty Chair. ^{[nb 2]}

On 8 June 1870, Dickens suffered another stroke at his home, after a full day's work on Edwin Drood. He never regained consciousness, and the next day, on 9 June, five years to the day after the Staplehurst rail crash (9 June 1865), he died at Gad's Hill Place. Contrary to his wish to be buried at Rochester Cathedral "in an inexpensive, unostentatious, and strictly private manner,"^[80] he was laid to rest in the Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey. A printed epitaph circulated at the time of the funeral reads: "To the Memory of Charles Dickens (England's most popular author) who died at his residence, Higham, near Rochester, Kent, 9 June 1870, aged 58 years. He was a sympathiser with the poor, the suffering, and the oppressed; and by his death, one of England's greatest writers is lost to the world."^[81] His last words were: "On the ground", in response to his daughter Georgina's request that he lie down.^[82]^{[nb 3]}

On Sunday, 19 June 1870, five days after Dickens was buried in the Abbey, Dean Arthur Penrhyn Stanley delivered a memorial elegy, lauding "the genial and loving humorist whom we now mourn", for showing by his own example "that even in dealing with the darkest scenes and the most degraded characters, genius could still be clean, and mirth could be innocent." Pointing to the fresh flowers that adorned the novelist's grave, Stanley assured those present that "the spot would thenceforth be a sacred one with both the New World and the Old, as that of the representative of literature, not of this island only, but of all who speak our English tongue."^[83]

Literary style

Dickens loved the style of the 18th century picaresque novels which he found in abundance on his father's shelves. According to Ackroyd, other than these, perhaps the most important literary influence on him was derived from the fables of The Arabian Nights.^[84]

Dickens' Dream by Robert William Buss, portraying Dickens at his desk at Gads Hill Place surrounded by many of his characters

His writing style is marked by a profuse linguistic creativity.^[85] Satire, flourishing in his gift for caricature is his forte. An early reviewer compared him to Hogarth for his keen practical sense of the ludicrous side of life, though his acclaimed mastery of varieties of class idiom may in fact mirror the conventions of contemporary popular theatre.^[86] Dickens worked intensively on developing arresting names for his characters that would reverberate with associations for his readers, and assist the development of motifs in the storyline, giving what one critic calls an "allegorical impetus" to the novels' meanings.^[85] To cite one of numerous examples, the name Mr. Murdstone in David Copperfield conjures up twin allusions to "murder" and stony coldness.^[87] His literary style is also a mixture of fantasy and realism. His satires of British aristocratic snobbery—he calls one character the "Noble Refrigerator"—are often popular. Comparing orphans to stocks and shares, people to tug boats, or dinner-party guests to furniture are just some of Dickens's acclaimed flights of fancy.

The author worked closely with his illustrators, supplying them with a summary of the work at the outset and thus ensuring that his characters and settings were exactly how he envisioned them. He would brief the illustrator on plans for each month's instalment so that work could begin before he wrote them. Marcus Stone, illustrator of Our Mutual Friend, recalled that the author was always "ready to describe down to the minutest details the personal characteristics, and ... life-history of the creations of his fancy."^[88]

Characters

Dickens's biographer Claire Tomalin regards him as the greatest creator of character in English fiction after Shakespeare.^[89] Dickensian characters, especially so because of their typically whimsical names, are amongst the most memorable in English literature. The likes of Ebenezer Scrooge, Tiny Tim, Jacob Marley, Bob Cratchit, Oliver Twist, The Artful Dodger, Fagin, Bill Sikes, Pip, Miss Havisham, Charles Darnay, David Copperfield, Mr. Micawber, Abel Magwitch, Daniel Quilp, Samuel Pickwick, Wackford Squeers, Uriah Heep are so well known as to be part and parcel of British culture, and in some cases have passed into ordinary language: a scrooge, for example, is a miser.

His characters were often so memorable that they took on a life of their own outside his books. Gamp became a slang expression for an umbrella from the character Mrs. Gamp and Pickwickian, Pecksniffian, and Gradgrind all entered dictionaries due to Dickens's original portraits of such characters who were quixotic, hypocritical, or vapidly factual. Many were drawn from real life: Mrs Nickleby is based on his mother, though she didn't recognize herself in the portrait,^[90]just as Mr Micawber is constructed from aspects of his father's 'rhetorical exuberance':^[91] Harold Skimpole in Bleak House, is based on James Henry Leigh Hunt: his wife's dwarfish chiropodist recognized herself in Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield.^[92]^[93] Perhaps Dickens' impressions on his meeting with Hans Christian Andersen informed the delineation of Uriah Heep.^[94]

Virginia Woolf maintained that "we remodel our psychological geography when we read Dickens" as he produces "characters who exist not in detail, not accurately or exactly, but abundantly in a cluster of wild yet extraordinarily revealing remarks."^[95]

One "character" vividly drawn throughout his novels is London itself. From the coaching inns on the outskirts of the city to the lower reaches of the Thames, all aspects of the capital are described over the course of his body of work.

Autobiographical elements

An original illustration by Phiz from the novel "David Copperfield", widely regarded as Dickens's most autobiographical work.

Authors frequently draw their portraits of characters from people they've known in real life. David Copperfield is regarded as strongly autobiographical. The scenes in Bleak House of interminable court cases and legal arguments reflect Dickens's experiences as law clerk and court reporter, and in particular his direct experience of the law's procedural delay during 1844 when he sued publishers in Chancery for breach of copyright.^[96] Dickens's own father was sent to prison for debt, and this became a common theme in many of his books, with the detailed depiction of life in the Marshalsea prison in Little Dorrit resulting from Dickens's own experiences of the institution.^[97] Lucy Stroughill, a childhood sweetheart may have affected several of Dickens' portraits of girls such as Little Em'ly in David Copperfield and Lucie Manette in A Tale of Two Cities.^[98]^{[nb 4]} Dickens may have drawn on his childhood experiences, but he was also ashamed of them and would not reveal that this was where he gathered his realistic accounts of squalor. Very few knew the details of his early life until six years after his death when John Forster published a biography on which Dickens had collaborated. Even figures based on real people can, at the same time, represent at the same time elements of the writer's own personality. Though Skimpole brutally sends up Leigh Hunt, some critics have detected in his portrait features of Dickens' own character, which he sought to exorcise by self-parody.^[99]

Episodic writing

Most of Dickens's major novels were first written in monthly or weekly instalments in journals such as Master Humphrey's Clock and Household Words, later reprinted in book form. These instalments made the stories cheap, accessible and the series of regular cliff-hangers made each new episode widely anticipated. When The Old Curiosity Shop was being serialized, American fans even waited at the docks in New York, shouting out to the crew of an incoming ship, "Is little Nell dead?"^[100] Part of Dickens's great talent was to incorporate this episodic writing style but still end up with a coherent novel at the end.

"Charles Dickens as he appears when reading." Wood engraving from Harper's Weekly, 7 December 1867

Another important impact of Dickens's episodic writing style resulted from his exposure to the opinions of his readers and friends. His friend Forster had a significant hand, reviewing his drafts, that went beyong matters of punctation. He toned down melodramatic and sensationalist exaggerations, cut long passages, (such as the episode of Quilp's drowning in The Old Curiosity Shop), and made suggestions about plot and character. It was he who suggested that Charley Bates should be redeemed in Oliver Twist. Dickens had not thought of killing Little Nell, and it was Forster who advised him to entertain this possibility as necessary to his conception of the heroine.^[101]

Social commentary

Dickens's novels were, among other things, works of social commentary. He was a fierce critic of the poverty and social stratification of Victorian society. In a New York address, he expressed his belief that, "Virtue shows quite as well in rags and patches as she does in purple and fine linen".^[102] Dickens's second novel, Oliver Twist (1839), shocked readers with its images of poverty and crime: it destroyed middle class polemics about criminals, making any pretence to ignorance about what poverty entailed impossible.^[103]spurred the clearing of the actual London slum, Jacob's Island, that was the basis of the story.^[104] In addition, with the character of the tragic prostitute, Nancy, Dickens "humanised" such women for the reading public; women who were regarded as "unfortunates", inherently immoral casualties of the Victorian class/economic system. Bleak House and Little Dorrit elaborated expansive critiques of the Victorian institutional apparatus: the interminable lawsuits of the Court of Chancery that destroyed people's lives in Bleak House and a dual attack in Little Dorrit on inefficient, corrupt patent offices and unregulated market speculation.

Literary techniques

Dickens is often described as using 'idealised' characters and highly sentimental scenes to contrast with his caricatures and the ugly social truths he reveals. The story of Nell Trent in The Old Curiosity Shop (1841) was received as extraordinarily moving by contemporary readers but viewed as ludicrously sentimental by Oscar Wilde. "You would need to have a heart of stone", he declared in one of his famous witticisms, "not to laugh at the death of little Nell."^[105] G. K. Chesterton, stating that "It is not the death of little Nell, but the life of little Nell, that I object to", argued that the maudlin effect of his description of her life owed much to the gregarious nature of Dickens' grief, his 'despotic' use of pedople's feelings to move them to tears in works like this.^[106]

In Oliver Twist Dickens provides readers with an idealised portrait of a boy so inherently and unrealistically 'good' that his values are never subverted by either brutal orphanages or coerced involvement in a gang of young pickpockets. While later novels also centre on idealised characters (Esther Summerson in Bleak House and Amy Dorrit in Little Dorrit), this idealism serves only to highlight Dickens's goal of poignant social commentary. Many of his novels are concerned with social realism, focusing on mechanisms of social control that direct people's lives (for instance, factory networks in Hard Times and hypocritical exclusionary class codes in Our Mutual Friend).^{[citation needed]} Dickens' fiction, reflecting what he believed to be true of his own life, scintillates with coincidences.^[107] Oliver Twist turns out to be the lost nephew of the upper class family that randomly rescues him from the dangers of the pickpocket group). Such coincidences are a staple of 18th-century picaresque novels, such as Henry Fielding's Tom Jones that Dickens enjoyed reading as a youth.^[108]

Reception

Dickens was the most popular novelist of his time,^[109] and remains one of the best known and most read of English authors. His works have never gone out of print.^[110] and have been adapted continuously for the screen since the invention of cinema,^[111] with at least 200 motion pictures and TV adaptations based on Dickens's works documented.^[112] Many of his works were adapted for the stage during his own lifetime and as early as 1913, a silent film of The Pickwick Papers was made.

Among fellow writers, Dickens has been both lionized and mocked. Leo Tolstoy, G. K. Chesterton and George Orwell praised his realism, comic voice, prose fluency, and genius for satiric caricature, as well as his passionate advocacy on behalf of children and the poor. On the other hand, Oscar Wilde generally disparaged his depiction of character, whiloe admiring his gift for caricature;^[113] Henry James denied him a premier position, calling him, "the greatest of superficial novelists": Dickens failed to endow his characters with psychological depth and the novels, "loose baggy monsters"^[114] betrayed a "cavalier organisation";^[115] Virginia Woolf had a love-hate relationship with his works, finding his novels "mesmerizing" while reproving him for his sentimentalism and a commonplace style.^[116]

It is likely that A Christmas Carol stands as his best-known story, with frequent new adaptations. It is also the most-filmed of Dickens's stories, with many versions dating from the early years of cinema.^[117] According to the historian Ronald Hutton, the current state of the observance of Christmas is largely the result of a mid-Victorian revival of the holiday spearheaded by A Christmas Carol. Dickens catalysed the emerging Christmas as a family-centred festival of generosity, in contrast to the dwindling community-based and church-centred observations, as new middle-class expectations arose.^[118]Its archetypal figures (Scrooge, Tiny Tim, the Christmas ghosts) entered into Western cultural consciousness. A prominent phrase from the tale, 'Merry Christmas', was popularised following the appearance of the story.^[119] The term Scrooge became a synonym for miser, and his dismissive put-down exclamation 'Bah! Humbug!' likewise gained currency as an idiom.^[120] Novelist William Makepeace Thackeray called the book "a national benefit, and to every man and woman who reads it a personal kindness".^[117]

At a time when Britain was the major economic and political power of the world, Dickens highlighted the life of the forgotten poor and disadvantaged within society. Through his journalism he campaigned on specific issues—such as sanitation and the workhouse—but his fiction probably demonstrated its greatest prowess in changing public opinion in regard to class inequalities. He often depicted the exploitation and oppression of the poor and condemned the public officials and institutions that not only allowed such abuses to exist, but flourished as a result. His most strident indictment of this condition is in Hard Times (1854), Dickens's only novel-length treatment of the industrial working class. In this work, he uses both vitriol and satire to illustrate how this marginalised social stratum was termed "Hands" by the factory owners; that is, not really "people" but rather only appendages of the machines that they operated. His writings inspired others, in particular journalists and political figures, to address such problems of class oppression. For example, the prison scenes in The Pickwick Papers are claimed to have been influential in having the Fleet Prison shut down. Karl Marx asserted that Dickens" ... issued to the world more political and social truths than have been uttered by all the professional politicians, publicists and moralists put together".^[121] George Bernard Shaw even remarked that Great Expectations was more seditious than Marx's own Das Kapital.^[121] The exceptional popularity of his novels, even those with socially oppositional themes (Bleak House, 1853; Little Dorrit, 1857; Our Mutual Friend, 1865) underscored not only his almost preternatural ability to create compelling storylines and unforgettable characters, but also ensured that the Victorian public confronted issues of social justice that had commonly been ignored. It has been argued that his technique of flooding his narratives with an 'unruly superfluity of material' that, in the gradual dénouement, yields up an unsuspected order, influenced the organisation of Charles Darwin's The Origin of the Species.^[122]

His fiction, with often vivid descriptions of life in 19th-century England, has inaccurately and anachronistically come to symbolise on a global level Victorian society (1837 – 1901) as uniformly "Dickensian", when in fact, his novels' time scope spanned from the 1770s to the 1860s. In the decade following his death in 1870, a more intense degree of socially and philosophically pessimistic perspectives invested British fiction; such themes stood in marked contrast to the religious faith that ultimately held together even the bleakest of Dickens's novels. Dickens clearly influenced later Victorian novelists such as Thomas Hardy and George Gissing; their works display a greater willingness to confront and challenge the Victorian institution of religion. They also portray characters caught up by social forces (primarily via lower-class conditions), but they usually steered them to tragic ends beyond their control.

Influence and legacy

Bleak House in Broadstairs, Kent, where Dickens wrote some of his novels

Stamp in "The Centenary Edition of The Works of Charles Dickens in 36 Volumes."

Museums and festivals celebrating Dickens's life and works exist in many places with which Dickens was associated, such as the Charles Dickens Birthplace Museum in Portsmouth, the house in which he was born. The original manuscripts of many of his novels, as well as printers' proofs, first editions, and illustrations from the collection of Dickens' friend John Forster are held at the the Victoria and Albert Museum.^[123] Dickens's will stipulated that no memorial be erected in his honour. The only life-size bronze statue of Dickens, cast in 1891 by Francis Edwin Elwell, can be found in Clark Park in the Spruce Hill neighbourhood of Philadelphia.

Dickens was commemorated on the Series E £10 note issued by the Bank of England that was in circulation in the UK between 1992 and 2003. His portrait appeared on the reverse of the note accompanied by a scene from The Pickwick Papers. A theme park, Dickens World, standing in part on the site of the former naval dockyard where Dickens's father once worked in the Navy Pay Office, opened in Chatham in 2007, and to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the birth of Charles Dickens in 2012, the Museum of London will the UK's first major exhibition on the author in 40 years.^[124] In the UK survey entitled The Big Read carried out by the BBC in 2003, five of Dickens's books were named in the Top 100.^[125]

Notable works

Main article: Charles Dickens bibliography

Charles Dickens published over a dozen major novels, a large number of short stories (including a number of Christmas-themed stories), a handful of plays, and several non-fiction books. Dickens's novels were initially serialised in weekly and monthly magazines, then reprinted in standard book formats.

Novels

The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (Monthly serial, April 1836 to November 1837)^[126]
The Adventures of Oliver Twist (Monthly serial in Bentley's Miscellany, February 1837 to April 1839)
The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby (Monthly serial, April 1838 to October 1839)
The Old Curiosity Shop (Weekly serial in Master Humphrey's Clock, 25 April 1840, to 6 February 1841)
Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of 'Eighty (Weekly serial in Master Humphrey's Clock, 13 February 1841, to 27 November 1841)
The Christmas books:
- A Christmas Carol (1843)
- The Chimes (1844)
- The Cricket on the Hearth (1845)
- The Battle of Life (1846)
- The Haunted Man and the Ghost's Bargain (1848)
The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit (Monthly serial, January 1843 to July 1844)

Dombey and Son (Monthly serial, October 1846 to April 1848)
David Copperfield (Monthly serial, May 1849 to November 1850)
Bleak House (Monthly serial, March 1852 to September 1853)
Hard Times: For These Times (Weekly serial in Household Words, 1 April 1854, to 12 August 1854)
Little Dorrit (Monthly serial, December 1855 to June 1857)
A Tale of Two Cities (Weekly serial in All the Year Round, 30 April 1859, to 26 November 1859)
Great Expectations (Weekly serial in All the Year Round, 1 December 1860 to 3 August 1861)
Our Mutual Friend (Monthly serial, May 1864 to November 1865)
The Mystery of Edwin Drood (Monthly serial, April 1870 to September 1870. Only six of twelve planned numbers completed)

Short story collections

Sketches by Boz (1836)
The Mudfog Papers (1837) in Bentley's Miscellany magazine
Reprinted Pieces (1861)
The Uncommercial Traveller (1860–1869)

Christmas numbers of Household Words magazine:

What Christmas Is, as We Grow Older (1851)
A Round of Stories by the Christmas Fire (1852)
Another Round of Stories by the Christmas Fire (1853)
The Seven Poor Travellers (1854)
The Holly-Tree Inn (1855)
The Wreck of the "Golden Mary" (1856)
The Perils of Certain English Prisoners (1857)
A House to Let (1858)

Christmas numbers of All the Year Round magazine:

The Haunted House (1859)
A Message from the Sea (1860)
Tom Tiddler's Ground (1861)
Somebody's Luggage (1862)
Mrs. Lirriper's Lodgings (1863)
Mrs. Lirriper's Legacy (1864)
Doctor Marigold's Prescriptions (1865)
Mugby Junction (1866)
No Thoroughfare (1867)

Selected non-fiction, poetry, and plays

The Village Coquettes (Plays, 1836)
The Fine Old English Gentleman (poetry, 1841)
Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi (1838)
American Notes: For General Circulation (1842)
Pictures from Italy (1846)

The Life of Our Lord: As written for his children (1849)
A Child's History of England (1853)
The Frozen Deep (play, 1857)
Speeches, Letters and Sayings (1870)

Portraits

Painting of Dickens in Boston 1842.
Photograph of Dickens, c. 1850.
Photograph of Dickens 1853.
Dickens painted by Ary Scheffer, 1855. ^{[nb 5]}
Dickens circa 1860s.
Photograph of Dickens by Jeremiah Gurney & Son, New York, 1867.

References

Footnotes

^ Glancy (1999) writes that Dickens adopted it from the nickname Moses which he had given to his youngest brother Augustus Dickens, after a character in Oliver Goldsmith's The Vicar of Wakefield. In the small boy's pronunciation this became Boses, then shortened to Boz. When playfully pronounced through the nose 'Moses' became 'Boses', and was later shortened to Boz. Dickens own name was considered "queer" by a contemporary critic, who wrote in 1849: "Mr Dickens, as if in revenge for his own queer name, does bestow still queerer ones upon his fictitious creations." The name Dickens was used in interjective exclamations like "What the Dickens!" as a substitute for "devil". It was recorded in the OED as originating from Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor. It was also used in the phrase "to play the Dickens" in the meaning "to play havoc/mischief".Bowen 2003, p. 37.
^ Fildes had been commissioned to illustrate "Edwin Drood", and this engraving, occasioned by news of the author's death, shows Dickens' empty chair in his study at Gads Hill Place.^[78] It appeared in the Christmas 1870 edition of the The Graphic and moved bereaved Dickensians everywhere. Vincent van Gogh deeply admired the print, and it influenced his own compositions on chairs.^[79]
^ A contemporary obituary in The Times, alleged that Dickens's last words were: "Be natural my children. For the writer that is natural has fulfilled all the rules of Art." reprinted from The Times, London, August 1870 in Bidwell 1870, p. 223.
^ Slater detects also Ellen Ternan in the portrayal of Lucie Manette.
^ Dickens wrote to John Forster of the experience: "I can scarcely express how uneasy and unsettled it makes me to sit, sit, sit, with Little Dorrit on my mind."

Notes

^ Black 2007, p. 735.
^ Mazzeno 2008, p. 76.
^ Chesterton 2007, pp. 100–126.
^ Grossman 2012, p. 54
^ ^a ^b Lodge 2002, p. 118.
^ Ziegler 2007, pp. 46–47.
^ Hawes 1998, p. 75.
^ Hayes 1998, p. 214.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 652–653.
^ Stone 1987, pp. 267–268.
^ Hauser 1999, p. 116.
^ Cain 2008, p. 1.
^ Forster 2006, p. 13.
^ Schlicke 1999, p. 158.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 22–24:29–30.
^ Ackroyd 1990, p. 41.
^ Ackroyd 1990, p. 76:'recklessly improvident'.
^ Pope-Hennessy 1945, p. 11.
^ Forster 2006, p. 27.
^ Ackroyd 1990, p. 76.
^ Wilson 1972, p. 53.
^ ^a ^b Forster 2006, pp. 23–24.
^ Schlicke 1999, p. 157.
^ Wilson 1972, p. 58.
^ Cain 2008, p. 91.
^ Wilson 1972, p. 61.
^ Pope-Hennessy 1945, p. 18.
^ Wilson 1972, p. 64.
^ Davis 1998, p. 23.
^ ^a ^b ^c Patten 2001, pp. 16–18.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 174–176.
^ Glancy 1999, p. 6.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 201, 278–279.
^ ^a ^b Smiley 2001, pp. 12–14.
^ ^a ^b Schlicke 1999, p. 160.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 162,181–182.
^ Ackroyd 1990, p. 221.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 225–229:p=227.
^ Schlicke 1999, p. 514.
^ Jones 2004, p. 7
^ ^a ^b Smith 2001, pp. 10–11.
^ Moore 2004, pp. 44–45.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 345–346.
^ Tomalin 2011, p. 127.
^ Tomalin 2011, pp. 128–132.
^ Colledge 2009, p. 87.
^ Callow 2009, pp. 146–148.
^ Schlicke 1999, p. 98.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 533–534.
^ Nayder 2011, p. 148.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 249; 530–538; 549–550; 575.
^ Hartley 2009, pp. ?.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 628; 634–638.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 648; 686–687; 772–773.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 32:723:750.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 788–799.
^ Furneaux 2011, pp. 190–191.
^ Page 1999, p. 261.
^ Jones 2004, pp. 80–81.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 801, 804.
^ Page, pp. 260–263 for excerpts from the speech.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 809–814.
^ Sutherland 1990, p. 185.
^ Hobsbaum 1998, p. 270.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 589–95; 848–852.
^ Tomalin 2011, pp. 332
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 881–883.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 914–917.
^ Nisbet 1952, p. 37.
^ Tomlin 1992, pp. 142–143.
^ Henson 2004, p. 113.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 959–961.
^ ^a ^b Hobsbaum 1998, p. 271.
^ Jackson 1995, p. 333.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 1043–1044.
^ Foxcroft 2007, p. 53.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 1069–1070.
^ Sutherland 1990, p. 226.
^ Waller 2006, p. 194, n.96.
^ Forster 2006, p. 628.
^ Hughes 1891, p. 226.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 1077–1078.
^ Stanley 1870, p. 144-147:146.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 44–45.
^ ^a ^b Mee 2010, p. 20.
^ Vlock 1998, p. 30.
^ Stone 1987, pp. xx–xxi.
^ Cohen 1980, p. 206.
^ Jones 2012.
^ Ziegler 2007, p. 45.
^ Hayes 1998, p. 153.
^ Ziegler 2007, p. 46.
^ Hawes 1998, p. 158.
^ Hawes 1998, p. 109.
^ Woolf 1986, p. 286.
^ Polloczek 1999, p. 133.
^ Ackroyd 1990.
^ Slater 1983, pp. 43, 47.
^ Ackroyd 1990, p. 653.
^ Glancy 1999, p. 34.
^ Davies 1983, pp. 166–169.
^ Ackroyd 1990, p. 345.
^ Raina 1986, p. 25.
^ Bodenheimer 2011, p. 147.
^ Ellman 1988, p. 441:In conversation with Ada Leverson.
^ Chesterton 1911, pp. 54–55.
^ Marlow 1994, pp. 149–150.
^ Ackroyd 1990, p. 44.
^ Trollope 2007, p. 62.
^ Swift 2007
^ Sasaki 2011, p. 67.
^ Morrison 2012.
^ Ellmann 1988, pp. 25,359.
^ Kucich & Sadoff 2006, p. 162.
^ Mazzeno 2008, pp. 23–4.
^ Mazzeno 2008, p. 67.
^ ^a ^b Callow 2009, p. 39.
^ Hutton 2001, p. 188.
^ Cochrane 1996, p. 126.
^ Robinson 2005, p. 316.
^ ^a ^b Kucich & Sadoff 2006, p. 155.
^ Atkinson 1990, p. 48, citing Gillian Beer's Darwin's Plots(1983, p.8).
^ Jones 2004, p. 104.
^ Werner 2011.
^ The Big Read: Top 100 Books BBC Retrieved 2 April 2011
^ Johnson 1969 for the serial publication dates.

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Heller, Deborah (1990). "The Outcast as Villain and Victim: Jews in Dickens Oliver Twist and Our Mutual Friend". In Cohen, Derek; Heller, Deborah. Jewish Presences in English Literature. McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 40–60. ISBN 978-0-7735-0781-4. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Z98ixsptZNMC&pg=PA40. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Henson, Louise (2004). "'In the Natural Course of Physical Things': Ghosts and Science in Charles Dickens's All the Year Round". In Henson, Louise; Cantor, Geoffrey; Dawson, Gowan et al. Culture and Science in the Nineteenth-Century Media. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 113–124. ISBN 978-0-7546-3574-1. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=w6eitkUw2GEC&pg=PA113. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
Hobsbaum, Philip (1998) [1972]. A reader's guide to Charles Dickens. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-0475-4. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=79JLBmzw_bQC&pg=PA270. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
Hughes, William Richard (1891). A week's tramp in Dickens-Land: together with personal reminiscences of the 'Inimitable Boz'. Oxford: Chapman & Hall. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ynZaAAAAMAAJ&q. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Hutton, Ronald (2001). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285448-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tb0CmbFokF4C&pg=PT188. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Jackson, Kenneth T. (1995). The Encyclopedia of New York City. New York Historical Society. ISBN 978-0-300-05536-8.
Johnson, E.D.H. (1969). Charles Dickens: An Introduction to His Novels. Random House Studies in Language and Literature. Random House. ASIN B0011BLL8W. http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/edh/chronology.html. Retrieved 22 April, 2012.
Jones, Richard (2004). Walking Dickensian London. Globetrotter walking guides. London: New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84330-483-8. http://books.google.it/books?id=YrgJ_aPwahAC&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
Jones, Sam (6 February, 2012). "Ebenezer Scrooge named most popular Dickens character". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2012/feb/06/ebenezer-scrooge-most-popular-dickens-character. Retrieved 22 April, 2012.
Joshi, Prithi (2011). "Race". In Ledger, Sally; Furneaux, Holly. Dickens in Context. Cambridge University Press. pp. 292–300. ISBN 978-0-521-88700-7. http://books.google.it/books?id=j5c9GqZ_7BMC&pg=PA292. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
Kucich, John; Sadoff, Dianne F. (2006). "Charles Dickens". In Kastan, David Scott. The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature, Volume. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 154–164. ISBN 978-0-19-516921-8. http://books.google.it/books?id=DlMUSz-hiuEC&pg=RA1-PA154. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Levine, Gary Martin (2003). The merchant of modernism: the economic Jew in Anglo-American Literature, 1864–1939. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-94109-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=5NflN2bI9KkC&pg=PA23. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Lodge, David (2002). Consciousness and the Novel. Harvard, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00949-3. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=IuPzOOXEBJQC&pg=PA118. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
Marlow, James E. (1994). Charles Dickens: The Uses of Time. Susquehanna University Press. ISBN 978-0-945636-48-9. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p7wvLUBMt1wC&pg=PA150. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Mazzeno, Laurence W. (2008). The Dickens industry: critical perspectives 1836–2005. Studies in European and American literature and culture. Literary criticism in perspective. Camden House. ISBN 978-1-57113-317-5. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4k3ZL8Pf0SQC&pg=PA76. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
Mee, Jon (2010). The Cambridge Introduction to Charles Dickens. Cambridge Introductions to Literature. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-67634-2. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=VxPryDIAQXAC&pg=PA20. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
Mendelsohn, Ezra (1996). Literary Strategies: Jewish Texts and Contexts. Studies in Contemporary Jewry. 12. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511203-0. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4k3ZL8Pf0SQC&pg=PA76. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
Moore, Grace (2002). "Reappraising Dickens's 'Noble Savage'". The Dickensian 98 (458): 236–243.
Moore, Grace (2004). Dickens and Empire:Discourses of Class, Race and Colonialism in the Works of Charles Dickens. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-3412-6. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZUxw0x84cGwC&pg=PA53. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
Nayder, Lillian (2002). Unequal Partners: Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins, and Victorian Authorship. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-3925-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=2Ah4gw9lZwgC&pg=PA96. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
Nayder, Lillian (2011). The other Dickens: a life of Catherine Hogarth. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4787-7. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=fb9Dn3yHmJMC&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
Nisbet, Ada (1952). Dickens & Ellen Ternan. University of California Press. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jZsFp7cE82MC&pg=PA37. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
Page, Norman (1999). Charles Dickens:Family History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-22233-4. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=xf2QqVI19b8C&pg=PA261. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
Patten, Robert L. (2001). "From Sketches to Nickleby". In Jordan, John O. The Cambridge Companion to Charles Dickens. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66964-1.
Dickens, Charles (1978). "Introduction". In Patten, Robert L.. The Pickwick Papers. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-415-22233-4. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=xf2QqVI19b8C&pg=PA261. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Pointer, Michael (1996). Charles Dickens on the screen: the film, television, and video adaptations. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-2960-2. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=031aAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Dieter, Polloczek (1999). "Aporias of Retribution and questions of responsibility: the legacy of incarceration in Dickens's Bleak House". Literature and Legal Discourse: Equity and Ethics from Sterne to Conrad. Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–201. ISBN 978-0-521-65251-3. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=d4HI0Man5qUC&pg=PA124. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
Pope-Hennessy, Una (1945). Charles Dickens 1812–1870. Chatto and Windus.
Raina, Badri (1986). Dickens and the Dialectic of Growth. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-10610-2. http://books.google.it/books?id=GxKRxDP4ujkC&pg=PA25. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Robinson, David J. (2005). Disordered personalities (3 ed.). Rapid Psychler Press,. ISBN 978-1-894328-09-8. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=7s9rAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Sasaki, Toru (2011). "Modern screen adaptations". In Ledger, Sally; Furneaux, Holly. Dickens in Context. Cambridge University Press. pp. 67–73. ISBN 978-0-521-88700-7. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=j5c9GqZ_7BMC&pg=PA67. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
Schlicke, Paul, ed. (1999). Oxford Reader's Companion to Dickens. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866213-6.
Slater, Michael (1983). Dickens and Women. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1180-7. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=GyuH6-eZZaQC&pg=PA47. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Slater, Michael (2009). Charles Dickens: A Life Defined by Writing. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11207-8. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=GPHkiefalPUC&dq. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Smiley, Jane (2002). Charles Dickens. Penguin. ISBN 0-670-03077-5.
Smith, Grahame (2001). "The Life and Times of Charles Dickens". In Jordan, John O. The Cambridge Companion to Charles Dickens. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66964-1.
Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn (1870). "Dean Stanley on Charles Dickens". Speeches, letters, and sayings of Charles Dickens. Harper. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=90ApAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA146. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
Stone, Harry (1987). Dickens' working notes for his novels. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-14590-7. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=85bNed2YLcIC&pg=PA268. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
Sutherland, John (1990). The Stanford Companion to Victorian Fiction. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1842-4. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QzJ3yNVVqtUC&pg=PA185. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
Swift, Simon (18 April 2007). "What the Dickens?". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2007/apr/18/classics.travelnews. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Tomalin, Claire (2011). Charles Dickens: A Life. Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-91767-9.
Tomalin, Claire (1992). The invisible woman: the story of Nelly Ternan and Charles Dickens. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-73819-0. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=yJDWAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
Trollope, Anthony (2007). "Charles Dickens". In Bloom, Harold. Charles Dickens. Bloom's Classic Critical Views. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7910-9558-4. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=gW0hlzvh_RMC&pg=PA62. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Vlock, Deborah (1998). Dickens, Novel Reading, and the Victorian Popular Theatre. Cambridge Studies in Nineteenth-Century Literature and Culture. 19. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64084-8. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=StwqgB7C9cYC&pg=PA30. Retrieved 24 April 2012.

Waller, Philip J. (2006). Writers, Readers, and Reputations: Literary Life in Britain, 1870–1918. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820677-4. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=FOFzHA5-G8oC&pg=PA194. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Werner, Alex (9 December, 2011). "Exhibition in focus: Dickens and London, the Museum of London". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/uk/london/exhibition-in-focus/8946072/Exhibition-in-focus-Dickens-and-London-the-Museum-of-London.html. Retrieved 22 April, 2012.

Wilson, Angus (1972). The World of Charles Dickens. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-02026-3. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=FaoqMLuK1HkC. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
Woolf, Virginia (1986). McNeillie, Andrew. ed. The Essays of Virginia Woolf: 1925–1928 (2 ed.). Hogarth Press. ISBN 978-0-7012-0669-7. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=UEIqAQAAIAAJ. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
Ziegler, Alan (2007). The Writing Workshop Note Book: Notes on Creating and Workshopping. Counterpoint Press. ISBN 978-1-933368-70-2. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=JLUGpnm3wVAC&pg=PA46. Retrieved 30 April 2012.

External links

Charles Dickens portal

Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Charles Dickens

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Dickens, Charles.

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Charles Dickens

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Charles Dickens

Works

Works by Charles Dickens at Project Gutenberg (HTML and plain text)
Works by or about Charles Dickens at Internet Archive and Google Books (scanned books)
Works by Charles Dickens at EveryAuthor (HTML)
Works by Charles Dickens at Dickens Literature (HTML)
Works by Charles Dickens at Penn State University Electronic Classics Series (PDF)
Works by or about Charles Dickens in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

Organizations and portals

The Dickens Fellowship, an international society dedicated to the study of Dickens and his Writings
David Perdue's Charles Dickens Page
A Dickens web page, portal.
Archival material relating to Charles Dickens listed at the UK National Register of Archives
Portraits of Charles Dickens at the National Portrait Gallery, London

Museums

Dickens Museum Situated in a former Dickens House, 48 Doughty Street, London, WC1
Dickens Birthplace Museum Old Commercial Road, Portsmouth
Victoria and Albert Museum The V&A's collections relating to Dickens

Other

Dickens on In Our Time at the BBC. (listen now)
G. K. Chesterton's appreciative and analytical article on Dickens^{[dead link]} in the 14th Edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica (1929)
A Charles Dickens Journal Timeline of Dickens's Life

v t e Works by Charles Dickens

Novels	The Pickwick Papers (1836–1837) Oliver Twist (1837–1839) Nicholas Nickleby (1838–1839) The Old Curiosity Shop (1840–1841) Barnaby Rudge (1840–1841) Martin Chuzzlewit (1843–1844) Dombey and Son (1846–1848) David Copperfield (1849–1850) Bleak House (1852–1853) Hard Times (1854) Little Dorrit (1855–1857) A Tale of Two Cities (1859) Great Expectations (1860–1861) Our Mutual Friend (1864–1865) The Mystery of Edwin Drood (unfinished) (1870)

Christmas books	A Christmas Carol (1843) The Chimes (1844) The Cricket on the Hearth (1845) The Battle of Life (1846) The Haunted Man and the Ghost's Bargain (1848)

Short stories	The Lamplighter (1838) A Child's Dream of a Star (1850) Captain Murderer The Long Voyage (1853) The Lazy Tour of Two Idle Apprentices (1857) (with Wilkie Collins) Hunted Down (1859) The Signal-Man (1866) George Silverman's Explanation (1868) Holiday Romance (1868)

Christmas short stories	A Christmas Tree (1850) What Christmas is, as We Grow Older (1851) The Poor Relation's Story (1852) The Child's Story (1852) The Schoolboy's Story (1853) Nobody's Story (1853) Going into Society (1858) Somebody's Luggage (1862) Mrs Lirriper's Lodgings (1863) Mrs Lirriper's Legacy (1864) Doctor Marigold's Prescriptions (1865)

Short story collections	Sketches by Boz (1837–1839) The Mudfog Papers (1837–1838) Master Humphrey's Clock (1840–1841) Boots at the Holly-tree Inn: And Other Stories (1858) Reprinted Pieces (1861)

Non-fiction	Sunday Under Three Heads (1836) American Notes (1842) Pictures from Italy (1846) The Life of Our Lord (1846, published in 1934) A Child's History of England (1851–1853) The Uncommercial Traveller (1860–1869)

Poetry & plays	The Village Coquettes (play, 1836) The Fine Old English Gentleman (poetry, 1841) The Frozen Deep (play, 1866) (with Wilkie Collins) No Thoroughfare: A Drama: In Five Acts (play, 1867) (with Wilkie Collins)

Journalism	The Examiner (1808–1886) Monthly Magazine (1833–1835) Morning Chronicle (1834–1836) Evening Chronicle (1835) Bentley's Miscellany (1836–1838) Master Humphrey's Clock (1840–1841) The Pic-Nic Papers (1841) Daily News (1846) Household Words (1850–1859) All the Year Round (1858–1870)

Collaborations	Household Words The Seven Poor Travellers (1854) (with Wilkie Collins, Adelaide Proctor, George Sala and Eliza Linton) The Holly-tree Inn (1855) (with Wilkie Collins, William Howitt, Harriet Parr, and Adelaide Procter) The Wreck of the Golden Mary (1856) (with Wilkie Collins, Adelaide Proctor, Harriet Parr, Percy Fitzgerald and Rev. James White) The Perils of Certain English Prisoners (1857) (with Wilkie Collins) A House to Let (1858) (with Wilkie Collins, Elizabeth Gaskell and Adelaide Procter) All the Year Round The Haunted House (1859) (with Wilkie Collins, Elizabeth Gaskell, Adelaide Procter, George Sala, and Hesba Stretton) A Message from the Sea (1860) (with Wilkie Collins, Robert Buchanan, Charles Allston Collins, Amelia Edwards, and Harriet Parr) Tom Tiddler's Ground (1861) (with Wilkie Collins, John Harwood, Charles Allston Collins, and Amelia Edwards) The Trial for Murder (1865) (with Charles Allston Collins) Mugby Junction (1866) (with Andrew Halliday, Charles Allston Collins, Hesba Stretton and Amelia Edwards) No Thoroughfare (1867) (with Wilkie Collins)

Articles & essays	A Visit to Newgate (1836) Epitaph of Charles Irving Thornton (1842) In Memoriam W. M. Thackeray (1850) A Coal Miner's Evidence (1850) Frauds on the Fairies (1853) The Lost Arctic Voyagers (1854)

v t e Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol

Characters	Ebenezer Scrooge Bob Cratchit Fezziwig Ghost of Christmas Past Ghost of Christmas Present Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come Jacob Marley Tiny Tim

Films	Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost A Christmas Carol (1908) A Christmas Carol (1910) Scrooge (1913) Scrooge (1935) A Christmas Carol (1938) Scrooge (1951) It's Never Too Late Scrooge (1970) A Christmas Carol (1971) Mickey's Christmas Carol Scrooged The Muppet Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol (1997) Christmas Carol: The Movie A Carol Christmas Springtime with Roo Chasing Christmas A Christmas Carol (2006) A Dennis the Menace Christmas Ghosts of Girlfriends Past A Christmas Carol (2009)

Television	Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol Carol for Another Christmas Rich Little's Christmas Carol A Special Sesame Street Christmas The Stingiest Man in Town Bugs Bunny's Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol (1982) A Christmas Carol (1984) Blackadder's Christmas Carol A Flintstones Christmas Carol Ebbie Ebenezer An All Dogs Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol (1999) A Christmas Carol (2000) An Easter Carol A Christmas Carol (2004) Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas Nan's Christmas Carol "A Christmas Carol" (Doctor Who)

Other	A Christmas Carol (play) Scrooge (musical) A Christmas Carol (musical) Mrs. Bob Cratchit's Wild Christmas Binge

v t e Marshalsea

Prisoners	Sir Francis Barrington · Bishop Edward Bonner · Henry Chettle · Richard Cox · Robert Culliford · Robert Daborne · John Dickens · Thomas Drury · John Eliot · John Gerard · Hannah Glasse · John Baptist Grano · Nicholas Grimald · Charlotte Hayes · William Herle · Denzil Holles · Ben Jonson · Thomas Malory · Philip Massinger · George Morland · Nicholas Owen · Sally Salisbury · John Selden · Richard Shelley · Ralph Sherwin · Nicholas Udall · Robert Wingfield · George Wither

Issues	Debt bondage · Debtors' prison · Marshalsea Court · Poor Law · Sponging-house · Workhouse

Reformers	James Oglethorpe · John Howard · James Neild

Books and films	Little Dorrit · Little Dorrit (film) · Little Dorrit (TV serial)

Categories	Marshalsea · Defunct prisons in London

Media offices
Preceded by New position	Editor of the Daily News 1846	Succeeded by John Forster

Authority control: LCCN: n78087607 | WorldCat

Persondata
Name	Dickens, Charles
Alternative names	Dickens, Charles John Huffam; Boz; Dickens, Karol; Dickens, Charlz; Sparks, Timothy; Dickens, Charles Huffam
Short description	English novelist
Date of birth	7 February 1812
Place of birth	Portsmouth, Hampshire, England
Date of death	9 June 1870
Place of death	Gad's Hill Place, Higham, Kent, England

The Life of Charles Dickens (BBC)

A brilliant cartoon intro to England's greatest novelist.

Charles Dickens Dickensian cartoon

The Dickens Band Promotional Video

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What The Dickens? S3E05 - P1

Sandi Toksvig hosts an irreverent cultural quiz as captains Chris Addison and Sue Perkins are joined by Giles Coren and Josie Long for a battle of wit and wits.

what the dickens quiz

Charles Dickens Tribute

If you don't watch this, I'll eat my head.

Charles Dickens Dickensian Victorian

What The Dickens? S2E07 - P1

Sandi Toksvig hosts an irreverent cultural quiz as captains Chris Addison and Sue Perkins are joined by Germaine Greer and Richard Herring for a battle of wit and wits.

what the dickens quiz

David Copperfield by Charles Dickens 1/18

Note: Some part of the film are out of sync my apology,, "Please keep this in mind" enjoy the film. David Copperfield by Charles Dickens (reposted).

David Copperfield charles dickens tales timelless tale

Victorian Thriller at the Charles Dickens Christmas Fair in San Francisco

Victorian Thriller! Dickens Thriller! How many ghoulish fiends are required to take over London? Not enough, if the Legion Fantastique has anything to say about it! Join your Sorcerer of Ceremonies, Mr. Edgar Allan Poe played by Lee Presson of Lee Presson and the Nails (www.leepresson.com), as he raises the dead and the roof. With greatest thanks to the inimitable Michael Jackson. This was all staged at the Charles Dickens Christmas Fair in San Francisco (http This is the last weekend. Get on down to the Cow Palace!!

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The Changing World of Charles Dickens (clip)

Superb performances from some of the most memorable works of Charles Dickens, including "David Copperfield," "Dombey and Son," "Great Expectations" and "Oliver Twist." A fascinating look at a major writer who not only reflected his times, but set out to change them as well. "A very good overview of the age of Dickens and his attempts to expose the inhumanity and injustices he saw around him."—EFLA Evaluation. An LCA release. 26 minutes, color. direct link to purchase this video: www.phoenixlearninggroup.com

Changing World Charles Dickens

A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens - Whole Book

Classic Literature VideoBook with synchronized text, interactive transcript, and closed captions in multiple languages. Audio courtesy of Librivox. A Christmas Carol free audiobook at Librivox: librivox.org A Christmas Carol free eBook at Project Gutenberg: www.gutenberg.org A Christmas Carol at Wikipedia: en.wikipedia.org View a list of all our videobooks: www.ccprose.com Cast Ebenezer Scrooge: Andy Minter Fred: mb Bob Cratchit: David Richardson Gentleman: Martin Langer Jacob Marley: Algy Pug Ghost of Christmas Past: Tricia G Fan/Tiny Tim: rashada Young Scrooge/Peter Cratchit: Paul Andrews Schoolmaster/Man 2: Peter Bishop Fezziwig: John Steigerwald Belle: Availle Belle's Husband/Man 3: Levi Throckmorton Ghost of Christmas Present: Barry Eads Mrs. Cratchit: Arielle Lipshaw Martha Cratchit/Girl: Christin Chapelle Belinda Cratchit/Caroline: Amy Gramour Scrooge's Niece: Veronica Jenkins Niece's Sister: Liberty Stump Man 1: David Lawrence Man 4: Chris Donnelly Man 5: Darren V Charwoman: Kara Shallenberg Old Joe: Tom Crawford Mrs. Dilber: Sandra G Caroline's Husband: Shea McNamara Boy: Saab Narrator: Elizabeth Klett

christmas audiobook audio book

Dickens Cider (entire audio clip)

Not every day you hear of a product with a somewhat suggestive name. Who wouldn't want a Dickens' Cider every now and again?

dickens cider advertisement comedy

Little Jimmy Dickens - "May The Bird Of Paradise" at the Grand Ole Opry

Brad Paisley and Trace Adkins join Little Jimmy Dickens on his signature classic, "May The Bird Of Paradise Fly Up Your Nose" at the Grand Ole Opry to celebrate his 60th anniversary as an Opry member. The show aired on GAC's "Opry Live". Visit www.opry.com to find out more!

Grand Ole Opry Live

Charles Dickens: A Life by Claire Tomalin

www.penguin.co.uk Claire Tomalin, author of Whitbread Book of the Year Samuel Pepys, paints an unforgettable portrait of Dickens, capturing brilliantly the complex character of this great genius. Charles Dickens: A Life is the examination of Dickens we deserve. Charles Dickens was a phenomenon: a demonicly hardworking journalist, the father of ten children, a tireless walker and traveller, a supporter of liberal social causes, but most of all a great novelist - the creator of characters who live immortally in the English imagination: the Artful Dodger, Mr Pickwick, Pip, David Copperfield, Little Nell, Lady Dedlock, and many more. At the age of twelve he was sent to work in a blacking factory by his affectionate but feckless parents. From these unpromising beginnings, he rose to scale all the social and literary heights, entirely through his own efforts. When he died, the world mourned, and he was buried - against his wishes - in Westminster Abbey. Yet the brilliance concealed a divided character: a republican, he disliked America; sentimental about the family in his writings, he took up passionately with a young actress; usually generous, he cut off his impecunious children.

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Dickens Cider

A quick clip I knocked up just to show off the funny audio I was sent in an email. Here's hoping we can all have a Dickens Cider tonight. NB: Apologies for the quality of the audio, its as I got it :(

Dickins Dickens Cider Love

Bill Dickens

This is Bill Dickens, so called "The Buddha of Bass". However, I dont know name of this song.

Bill Dickens jazz bassguitar

Stave 1 - A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens

Stave I: Marley's Ghost. Classic Literature VideoBook with synchronized text, interactive transcript, and closed captions in multiple languages. Audio courtesy of Librivox. Playlist for A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens: www.youtube.com A Christmas Carol free audiobook at Librivox: librivox.org A Christmas Carol free eBook at Project Gutenberg: www.gutenberg.org A Christmas Carol at Wikipedia: en.wikipedia.org View a list of all our videobooks: www.ccprose.com Cast Ebenezer Scrooge: Andy Minter Fred: mb Bob Cratchit: David Richardson Gentleman: Martin Langer Jacob Marley: Algy Pug Ghost of Christmas Past: Tricia G Fan/Tiny Tim: rashada Young Scrooge/Peter Cratchit: Paul Andrews Schoolmaster/Man 2: Peter Bishop Fezziwig: John Steigerwald Belle: Availle Belle's Husband/Man 3: Levi Throckmorton Ghost of Christmas Present: Barry Eads Mrs. Cratchit: Arielle Lipshaw Martha Cratchit/Girl: Christin Chapelle Belinda Cratchit/Caroline: Amy Gramour Scrooge's Niece: Veronica Jenkins Niece's Sister: Liberty Stump Man 1: David Lawrence Man 4: Chris Donnelly Man 5: Darren V Charwoman: Kara Shallenberg Old Joe: Tom Crawford Mrs. Dilber: Sandra G Caroline's Husband: Shea McNamara Boy: Saab Narrator: Elizabeth Klett

christmas audiobook audio book

An Early Christmas Gift – Charles Dickens Online | Stepping Stones

File:Dickens Gurney head.jpg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

File:Charles Dickens - Project Gutenberg eText 13103.jpg - Wikimedia ...

Charles Dickens, Happy Birthday! « Learning from Dogs

... Archive » Help digitize 20 years of Dickens’ weekly magazines

Il grande Charles Dickens, le curiosità della sua storia ...

Hazel Dickens, Unicorn Times, p. 3. Southern Folk Cultural Revival ...

Dickens World Reviews - Chatham, Kent Attractions - TripAdvisor

Charles Dickens (Classic Literature) DVD

Janette Desautel (Kim Dickens)

File:Charles Dickens-A Christmas Carol-Title page-First edition 1843 ...

opinaRed: El último Dickens

Charles Dickens - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

... Article by Michael Slater: Charles Dickens – An Attempt on His Life

Dickens of a New Park | distant creations

Charles Dickens at 200: how we're celebrating | Books | guardian.co.uk

Charles Dickens Pictures - Pictures of the classic author Dickens

The Complete Literary Works of Charles Dickens

Aprender o estudiar gratis Charles Dickens

NOTE ON DICKENS'S PORTRAIT

Charles Dickens’ in: [ English language ] [ Russian language ]

FSnewsfeed: Charles Dickens Getting a Parkour Update in 3D Action Film 'Twist' http://t.co/z69PRPOq #Development #MovieNews

betchesluvthis: Ivy Dickens definitely smokes no less than two packs a day. #gossipgirlfinale

abeeralmadawy: RT @GuardianBooks: Dickens, Browning and Lear: what's in a reputation? http://t.co/TZ5HinYY

Zoe_Jewell: @Tim_Dickens yeah heard this on the R4 this morning -- nice will include in my research...

ycafudu: A Christmas Carol: Dual Language Reader (English/German) (Paperback): "A Christmas Carol" by Charles Dickens in ... http://t.co/hEhoSAb1

Callie_Dickens: Maybe its a self-fulfilling prophecy....or an innate quality...or all a big misunderstanding...

michaelto81: RT @GuardianBooks: Dickens, Browning and Lear: what's in a reputation? http://t.co/TZ5HinYY

Excarria: “Never close your lips to those whom you have already opened your heart.” - Charles Dickens

GuardianBooks: Dickens, Browning and Lear: what's in a reputation? http://t.co/TZ5HinYY

pharr2: "You have been the last dream of my soul."_____Charles Dickens (A Tale of Two Cities)

saidlittlebird: Finally figured out the iPhone bells alarm: Charles Dickens/Christmas morning when Scrooge got unscrooged. I need more bell options! Bah!

mattierfdlzw3: @madyetaylor http://t.co/Oppc8Fob

negeluvyr: A Tale of Two Cities (DVD): "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times...." Charles Dickens' tale of l... http://t.co/ySBicWcl

EgmontUSA: I wanted to tell you cool things about Charles Dickens, but the link won't work. So you'll have to be satisfied with me instead.

Colleneaf83: Reflect upon your present blessings, of which every man has many not on your past misfortunes, of which all men have some. - Charles Dickens

ed_dickens: Why do most Chinese people wear glasses?

stopRICKridinG: RT @HisDESTINationY: school without @eatRICK_DICKens & @stopRICKridinG <<< sucks ass

Lucy Belt: Wonderful time with Bea and Dale Dickens this week! What a blessing to be together "on the lake"! I praise and thank God for our friendship!

Sharon Winderweedle Brown: Why is Dickens’ "Christmas Carol" so popular? Why is it ever new? I personally feel it is inspired of God. It brings out the best within human nature. It gives hope. It motivates change. We can turn from the paths which would lead us down and, with a song in our hearts, follow a star and walk toward the light. We can quicken our step, bolster our courage, and bask in the sunlight of truth. We can hear more clearly the laughter of little children. We can dry the tear of the weeping. We can comfort the dying by sharing the promise of eternal life. If we lift one weary hand which hangs down, if we bring peace to one struggling soul, if we give as did the Master, we can—by showing the way—become a guiding star for some lost mariner.” ― Thomas S. Monson

Kerusha Kisten: Tanker has overturned on the N2 southbound Kingsway...traffic is diverted at Joyner road and Dickens road Athlone Park. Drive safe!

Dani Danifili: Charles Dickens - Poveste de Craciun

Caton Baos: Payday Loan In Dickens Texas

Matt Jones: I've honestly skipped eating dinner 2 times in a row. I received some mixing advice on how to mix and master to hopefully help my cause haha (Names are irrelevant. Thanks bro) and I'm trying like the Dickens to get my shit to sound as good as as I possibly can. What it all boils down to is Einstien's theory of insanity. By those peramiters, I'm outta my fucking mind haha

MaryJean DeNapoli Sokol: Today's the Day! 11 a.m.-8 p.m. Simply Savvy & 12th Floor Spring Sale - Open House Mary Jean Sokol's, 5 Dickens Dr., W. Windsor, NJ, 609-750-0880 Unique jewelry, bags, clothing, & accessories. Stop over & bring a friend! We're so looking forward to seeing everybody :)

Ron Shirley: Options Tina Marie Phelps Dickens Should be interesting, so here goes... This is a Facebook game to see who reads posts or just trolls. So if you read this, leave one word on how we met. Only one word, then copy this to your wall so I can leave a word for you! Please don't put a word and not copy:

Eric Rodgers: The time to take action is NOW...Take control of your life and health. Believe in yourself, surround yourself with positive people, places and things, and TELL YOURSELF "I CAN DO THIS". Happy Thursday Everyone. Feel free to share this. Karen Dickens Ashley Paige Harris Rodgers Angela Turley Ang Renner Laura Lynn Jean Bambi Fuller Tara Tucker Brandi Tucker LeAnn Rogers Allison Barnes Mulliniks

John Register: #Gr8ful 4 Charles Swindell, Dino Napier, Tony Sylvester, Michelle Dickens, Cynthia Swift / Willie Davenport & rest of All Army T/F team.

Mark Bryant: Just finished reading "A Tale of Two Cities" by Charles Dickens - thoroughly engrossing: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities

Sushil Inamdar: Ohh shakespeare..... Hamlet 790Px-Henry Fuseli- Hamlet And His Father's Ghost Written between 1599 and 1601, this play is set in Denmark and recounts how Prince Hamlet exacts revenge on his uncle Claudius, who murdered the King, takes the throne and marries Hamlet’s mother. The play vividly charts the course of real and feigned madness — from overwhelming grief to seething rage — and explores themes of treachery, revenge, incest and moral corruption. “Hamlet” is Shakespeare’s longest play and among the most powerful and influential tragedies in the English language. During his lifetime the play was one of Shakespeare’s most popular works and it still ranks high among his most-performed, topping, for example, the Royal Shakespeare Company’s list since 1879. It has inspired writers from Goethe and Dickens to Joyce and Murdoch and has been described as “the world’s most filmed story after ‘Cinderella.’” The title role was almost certainly created for Richard Burbage, the leading tragedian of Shakespeare’s time. It’s arguably the greatest drama ever written and in the four hundred years since, it has been played by the greatest actors and sometimes actresses, of each successive age.

Ernest Henthorne: A loving heart is the truest wisdom. ~ Charles Dickens

Leoleo Minmini: http://goo.gl/IoX7C

Suroto Raden: Top 100 novels of All Time Publisher: n/a | ISBN: n/a | Language English | 100 books | PDF | 250 MB LIST OF ALL 100 NOVELS IS 1. The Lord of the Rings, JRR Tolkien 2. Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen 3. His Dark Materials, Philip Pullman 4. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, Douglas Adams 5. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, JK Rowling 6. To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee 7. Winnie the Pooh, AA Milne 8. Nineteen Eighty-Four, George Orwell 9. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, CS Lewis 10. Jane Eyre, Charlotte Brontë 11. Catch-22, Joseph Heller 12. Wuthering Heights, Emily Brontë 13. Birdsong, Sebastian Faulks 14. Rebecca, Daphne du Maurier 15. The Catcher in the Rye, JD Salinger 16. The Wind in the Willows, Kenneth Grahame 17. Great Expectations, Charles Dickens 18. Little Women, Louisa May Alcott 19. Captain Corelli's Mandolin, Louis de Bernieres 20. War and Peace, Leo Tolstoy 21. Gone with the Wind, Margaret Mitchell 22. Harry Potter And The Philosopher's Stone, JK Rowling 23. Harry Potter And The Chamber Of Secrets, JK Rowling 24. Harry Potter And The Prisoner Of Azkaban, JK Rowling 25. The Hobbit, JRR Tolkien 26. Tess Of The D'Urbervilles, Thomas Hardy 27. Middlemarch, George Eliot 28. A Prayer For Owen Meany, John Irving 29. The Grapes Of Wrath, John Steinbeck 30. Alice's Adventures In Wonderland, Lewis Carroll 31. The Story Of Tracy Beaker, Jacqueline Wilson 32. One Hundred Years Of Solitude, Gabriel García Márquez 33. The Pillars Of The Earth, Ken Follett 34. David Copperfield, Charles Dickens 35. Charlie And The Chocolate Factory, Roald Dahl 36. Treasure Island, Robert Louis Stevenson 37. A Town Like Alice, Nevil Shute 38. Persuasion, Jane Austen 39. Dune, Frank Herbert 40. Emma, Jane Austen 41. Anne Of Green Gables, LM Montgomery 42. Watership Down, Richard Adams 43. The Great Gatsby, F Scott Fitzgerald 44. The Count Of Monte Cristo, Alexandre Dumas 45. Brideshead Revisited, Evelyn Waugh 46. Animal Farm, George Orwell 47. A Christmas Carol, Charles Dickens 48. Far From The Madding Crowd, Thomas Hardy 49. Goodnight Mister Tom, Michelle Magorian 50. The Shell Seekers, Rosamunde Pilcher 51. The Secret Garden, Frances Hodgson Burnett 52. Of Mice And Men, John Steinbeck 53. The Stand, Stephen King 54. Anna Karenina, Leo Tolstoy 55. A Suitable Boy, Vikram Seth 56. The BFG, Roald Dahl 57. Swallows And Amazons, Arthur Ransome 58. Black Beauty, Anna Sewell 59. Artemis Fowl, Eoin Colfer 60. Crime And Punishment, Fyodor Dostoyevsky 61. Noughts And Crosses, Malorie Blackman 62. Memoirs Of A Geisha, Arthur Golden 63. A Tale Of Two Cities, Charles Dickens 64. The Thorn Birds, Colleen McCollough 65. Mort, Terry Pratchett 66. The Magic Faraway Tree, Enid Blyton 67. The Magus, John Fowles 68. Good Omens, Terry Pratchett and Neil Gaiman 69. Guards! Guards!, Terry Pratchett 70. Lord Of The Flies, William Golding 71. Perfume, Patrick Süskind 72. The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists, Robert Tressell 73. Night Watch, Terry Pratchett 74. Matilda, Roald Dahl 75. Bridget Jones's Diary, Helen Fielding 76. The Secret History, Donna Tartt 77. The Woman In White, Wilkie Collins 78. Ulysses, James Joyce 79. Bleak House, Charles Dickens 80. Double Act, Jacqueline Wilson 81. The Twits, Roald Dahl 82. I Capture The Castle, Dodie Smith 83. Holes, Louis Sachar 84. Gormenghast, Mervyn Peake 85. The God Of Small Things, Arundhati Roy 86. Vicky Angel, Jacqueline Wilson 87. Brave New World, Aldous Huxley 88. Cold Comfort Farm, Stella Gibbons 89. Magician, Raymond E Feist 90. On The Road, Jack Kerouac 91. The Godfather, Mario Puzo 92. The Clan Of The Cave Bear, Jean M Auel 93. The Colour Of Magic, Terry Pratchett 94. The Alchemist, Paulo Coelho 95. Katherine, Anya Seton 96. Kane And Abel, Jeffrey Archer 97. Love In The Time Of Cholera, Gabriel García Márquez 98. Girls In Love, Jacqueline Wilson 99. The Princess Diaries, Meg Cabot 100. Midnight's Children, Salman Rushdie >>If YoU WaNt MoRe - WeLcOmE tO mY AH BlOg!<<

Kev Hutch: ::KEV HUTCH PRESENTS SUGAR FREE CANDY:: THIS IS WHAT HAPPENS WHEN JAZZ & HIP HOP COME TOGETHER.. FEAT...Jerome Scorpiochild Dickens, Kev Hutch & Bam... SINGLE OR ALBUM CAN BE PURCHASED AT THESE LINKS>>> http://soundcloud.com/kevhutchhustle/slow-drive-produced-by-jerome http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/kevhutch2 http://www.amazon.com http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/sugarfree-candy-kev-hutch/id522355620

Tierre Peterson: Isaiah 53:2- [For he shall grow up before him as a tender plant, and as a root out of a dry ground: he (Jesus) hath no form nor comeliness; and when we shall see him, there is no beauty that we should desire him] Jesus may not seem like the most desirable thing to you right now. I once didn't desire Him either, b/c I thought I had to give up my music, girls, etc. But after I began to hang with Him and get to know Him on a personal level, He turn out to be the best thing that could ever come into my Life. Your turn, give him a try (read Romans 10:9) Thanks Apostle Emma Dickens for the teachings #myLifeIsWayBetterNow

Jefferie Goh: Well! Diablo 3 normal mode is over... It was quite the epic battle at the end... My buddy died to resurrect me, and I had to bring him back then run like the dickens...

Joe Lane: Reflect upon your present blessings, of which every man has many: not on your past misfortunes, of which all men have some. - Dickens

Ricky Royster: WAKE YO SELF UP! Its a sad day in the GoGo World... Another D.C icon and pioneer has passed away. In what was once called "Petey Greene's Washington", Chuck Brown came on the scene with a new sound and a new voice. That sound was GoGo and that voice was that of the many people responding in sync to what is known as the "call and response"... With such chants from "Now tell me were yall from" to "Ah say what" this man moved crowds around the world... His career was well on the way before I was born... Most people can only relate him as "the one who made that song bustin loose"... Me, I fell in love with songs like run joe, stormy monday, family affair, and many more... It was only then when I found out the "hey this is the same guy that made bustin loose".... If it wasnt for Chuck none of the bands would be where they are today... He not only inspried others to start bands, but because of him everything GoGo can be traced back to him.... gogoradio.com has been spreading GoGo past the streets of the D.M.V by allowing those who have left for what ever reason, can still have a little piece of home just by signing into the page.. While at the same time catching the ears of those who have never heard of it... This video is a prime example of the unity that GoGo can bring... Now this is only my little piece of the story from how GoGo has affected my life... So at this time I wanna say farwell to the Godfather and also say thank you to those who are still here... So special thanks to David Ellis Sr aka 32 (NEG), Rapper Dude (WHAT BAND), BIG G (BYB), and Buggs (JYB)... These are the ones who lead my favorite bands, not taking anything from the rest... Also thanks to Toni Cabrera, Chad "Hollywood" Dickens, DJ Lucky (for coining me "the gentleman"), Wil Let's Talk, DJ Dirty Rico, Nico the GoGo-Ologist and everyone else from the gogoradio.com and ryzeradio.com familiy... Im not even from the DMV, but I have been a fan since JYB did "The Word" and NEG did Van Damme" im what Chuck would call... "a down right country boy..." GoGo changed my life because there is something in the music that will calm me down when I am about to go off... Man I could go on and on about how grateful I am for what has came to be because of this man's life but I would run out of life before words.... It's no longer "Petey Greene's Washington".... it is and forever will be know as "Chuck's Town"... Not only did he possess the talent to move the crowd. He created a sound that will forever move the city.... D.M.V I mourn with you, and I wish I could be there for the tribute celebration... So I leave you with this clip in honor of the late Chuck Brown, The Godfather... And as always remember this.... Pick yourself up! hold your head, and hold it high because you have a dream thats beyond the sky.... You heard it here first.... Triple N... Nigganet News...

Deminsa Sasa Engichy: Dickens bitches

Odell Markowtz: Payday Loan In Dickens Texas

Lori Blaes: Trying to recover from surgery. Now i have multiple DVT's in my leg. Hurts like the dickens.